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Anti-aging Research > Sodium
Sodium
Related Topics:
News & Research:
-
Low-salt diets may raise heart disease risk - MSNBC, 11/9/11 -
"Overall, the good and bad consequences of a
low-salt diet may cancel each other out, so the diet has relatively little
effect on the development of disease .. Graudal and colleagues examined data
from 167 studies in which participants were randomly assigned to either a
low-salt or high-salt diet. On average, participants were followed for at
least four weeks ... The effect was most significant for people with high
blood pressure, or hypertension —a low-salt diet reduced their blood
pressure by 3.5 percent ... However, a low-salt diet led to a 2.5 percent
increase in cholesterol levels, and a 7 percent increase in triglycerides.
Further, it also led to increases in hormones that regulate the body's salt
levels, which would cause the body to preserve salt, rather than excreting
it in the urine"
-
Less
salt, less strokes, says new research - Science Daily, 8/11/11 -
"a reduction of 3 grams of salt intake per day would
prevent up to 8,000 stroke deaths and up to 12,000 coronary heart disease
deaths per year in the UK ... A similar reduction in the USA would result in
up to 120,000 fewer cases of coronary heart disease, up to 66,000 strokes
and up to 99,000 heart attacks annually. It would also save up to $24
billion annually in health care costs"
-
Study investigates association between intake of sodium and potassium and
deaths among U.S. adults - Science Daily, 7/13/11
-
Sodium/Potassium Ratio Important for Health - Medscape, 7/12/11 -
"During a mean follow-up of 14.8 years, there were a
total of 2270 deaths, including 825 cardiovascular deaths and 443 ischemic
heart-disease deaths. After multivariable adjustment, higher sodium intake
was associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR 1.20 per 1000 mg/day),
whereas higher potassium intake was associated with lower mortality risk (HR
0.80 per 1000 mg/day) ... For sodium-potassium ratio, the adjusted hazard
ratios comparing the highest quartile with the lowest quartile were 1.46 for
all-cause mortality, 1.46 for CVD mortality, and 2.15 for ischemic heart
disease (IHD) mortality ... The results show that sodium/potassium ratio of
<1 is protective ... One simple way of boosting potassium, she notes, is to
replace regular snacks with fruit"
-
Go ahead, shake it? We may be wrong about salt - Health - Diet and nutrition - MSNBC, 5/26/11 - "A study
published this month in the Journal of the American Medical Association came
to the surprising conclusion that too much salt might not raise the risk of
cardiovascular disease complications after all. Making matters even more
confusing, death rates appeared to be higher in those with lower sodium
levels ... For the most part, the problem with salt is the setting in which
you find it. The vast majority of “processed” or convenience foods are high
in both fat and salt. It’s the fat that’s the big problem. As for the
benefits of reducing salt, only about 5 percent of people have a salt
sensitivity that is the primary cause of their hypertension. The major
contributors to hypertension are obesity and diabetes"
-
Study evaluates relationship of urinary sodium with health outcomes -
Science Daily, 5/3/11 - "The assumption that lower
salt intake would in the long run lower blood pressure, to our knowledge,
has not yet been confirmed in longitudinal population-based studies ...
among 3,681 participants followed up for a median (midpoint) 7.9 years,
cardiovascular deaths decreased across increasing tertiles (one of three
groups) of 24-hour urinary sodium: from 50 deaths in the low (death rate,
4.1 percent), 24 deaths in the medium, (death rate, 1.9 percent) and 10
deaths in the high tertile (death rate, 0.8 percent). Analysis indicated
that the risk of cardiovascular mortality was significantly elevated in the
low tertile with a significant inverse association between cardiovascular
mortality and tertile of sodium excretion. Baseline sodium excretion
predicted neither total mortality nor fatal combined with nonfatal CVD
events. ... The associations between systolic pressure and sodium excretion
did not translate into less morbidity or improved survival. On the contrary,
low sodium excretion predicted higher cardiovascular mortality. Taken
together, our current findings refute the estimates of computer models of
lives saved and health care costs reduced with lower salt intake. They do
also not support the current recommendations of a generalized and
indiscriminate reduction of salt intake at the population level. However,
they do not negate the blood pressure-lowering effects of a dietary salt
reduction in hypertensive patients"
-
Study Finds Low-Salt Diet Ineffective but Draws Criticism From C.D.C. -
NYTimes.com - NY Times, 5/3/11 - "At the moment,
this study might need to be taken with a grain of salt ... The investigators
found that the less salt people ate, the more likely they were to die of
heart disease – 50 people in the lowest third of salt consumption (2.5 grams
of sodium per day) died during the study as compared with 24 in the medium
group (3.9 grams of sodium per day) and 10 in the highest salt consumption
group (6.0 grams of sodium per day). And while those eating the most salt
had, on average, a slight increase in systolic blood pressure — a
1.71-millimeter increase in pressure for each 2.5-gram increase in sodium
per day — they were no more likely to develop hypertension ... One of the
problems with the salt debates, Dr. Alderman said, is that all the studies
are inadequate"
-
Physical activity decreases salt's effect on blood pressure, study finds
- Science Daily, 3/23/11 - "Investigators compared
study participants' blood pressure on two one-week diets, one low in sodium
(3,000 mg/day) and the other high in sodium (18,000 mg/day) ... The American
Heart Association recommends consuming less than 1,500 mg/day of sodium ...
Compared with the sedentary group, the odds of being salt-sensitive,
adjusted for age and gender, fell: 10 percent in the next-to-lowest activity
group ... 17 percent in the next-to-highest activity group ... 38 percent in
the most active group"
-
Diet
soda may raise odds of vascular events; Salt linked to stroke risk -
Science Daily, 2/9/11 - "In findings involving 2,564
people in the large, multi-ethnic Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS),
scientists said people who drank diet soda every day had a 61 percent higher
risk of vascular events than those who reported no soda drinking ... In
separate research using 2,657 participants also in the Manhattan study,
scientists found that high salt intake, independent of the hypertension it
causes, was linked to a dramatically increased risk of ischemic strokes
(when a blood vessel blockage cuts off blood flow to the brain)"
-
Bicarbonate adds fizz to players' tennis performance - Science Daily,
10/25/10 - "sodium bicarbonate supplementation can
prevent the fatigue-induced decline in skilled tennis performance seen
during matches. The service and forehand ground stroke consistency was
maintained after a simulated match in the bicarbonate trial. On the other
hand, these consistency scores were decreased after the match in the placebo
trial" - Note: If you're not an athlete I wouldn't try it.
I'm sure the sodium in sodium bicarbonate will have the same effect as
sodium chloride (table salt) on your blood pressure.
-
Consumption of 'good salt' can reduce population blood pressure levels,
research finds - Science Daily, 9/13/10 - "the
average potassium intake in 21 countries including the US, China, New
Zealand, Germany and the Netherlands varies between 1.7 and 3.7 g a day.
This is considerably lower than the 4.7 g a day, which has been recommended
based on the positive health effects observed at this level of intake ... A
hypothetical increase in the potassium intake to the recommended level would
reduce the systolic blood pressure in the populations of these countries by
between 1.7 and 3.2 mm Hg ... Earlier studies have shown that salt reduction
of 3 g per day in food could reduce blood pressure and prevent 2500 deaths
per year due to cardiovascular diseases in the Netherlands. In Western
countries, salt consumption can be as high as 9-12 g a day whereas 5 g is
the recommended amount according to WHO standards"
-
Cutting Salt as Good as Quitting Smoking - WebMD, 1/22/10 -
"Cutting U.S. salt intake by just half a teaspoon a
day would prevent up to 92,000 deaths, 99,000 heart attacks, and 66,000
strokes -- a benefit as big as smoking cessation"
-
High
salt intake directly linked to stroke and cardiovascular disease -
Science Daily, 11/24/09 - "analyzed the results of
13 published studies involving over 170,000 people that directly assessed
the relationship between levels of habitual salt intake and rates of stroke
and cardiovascular disease ... Their analysis shows unequivocally that a
difference of 5 g a day in habitual salt intake is associated with a 23%
difference in the rate of stroke and a 17% difference in the rate of total
cardiovascular disease"
-
Cut Hypertension Drugs With Low-Salt Diet - WebMD, 7/21/09
-
New
Light Shed On Enigma Of Salt Intake And Hypertension - Science Daily,
5/4/09
-
Consuming A Little Less Salt Could Mean Fewer Deaths - Science Daily,
3/11/09 - "A 3-gram–a-day reduction in salt intake
(about 1200 mg of sodium) would result in 6 percent fewer cases of new heart
disease, 8 percent fewer heart attacks, and 3 percent fewer deaths ...
Currently, Americans eat 9-12 grams of salt per day"
-
Low-Sodium, High Potassium is Effective in Lowering Blood Pressure -
Science Daily, 1/26/09 - "Those with the highest
sodium levels in their urine were 20% more likely to suffer strokes, heart
attacks, or other forms of cardiovascular disease compared with their
counterparts with the lowest sodium levels. However this link was not strong
enough to be considered statistically significant ... By contrast,
participants with the highest sodium-to-potassium ratio in urine were 50%
more likely to experience cardiovascular disease than those with the lowest
sodium-to-potassium ratios. This link was statistically significant ... To
lower blood pressure and blunt the effects of salt, adults should consume
4.7 grams of potassium per day unless they have a clinical condition or
medication need that is a contraindication to increased potassium intake"
- See
potassium products at iHerb
 .
-
Reducing Salt Intake Isn't The Only Way To Reduce Blood Pressure -
Science Daily, 1/26/09 - "A new study suggests that
people trying to lower their blood pressure should also boost their intake
of potassium, which has the opposite effect to sodium ... To lower blood
pressure and blunt the effects of salt, adults should consume 4.7 grams of
potassium per day unless they have a clinical condition or medication need
that is a contraindication to increased potassium intake" - See
potassium products at iHerb.
-
Salt May Restrict Blood Flow to Heart - WebMD, 1/22/09 -
"Overweight and obese study participants with normal
blood pressure who restricted the sodium in their diets showed evidence of
improved endothelial function compared to participants who did not restrict
salt ... The improvement appeared to be unrelated to the impact on blood
pressure, suggesting that salt restriction is independently protective of
blood vessel function"
-
Salt
Reduction May Offer Cardioprotective Effects Beyond Blood Pressure Reduction
- Science Daily, 1/16/09 - "sodium reduction is
beneficial for people who have normal blood pressure and those who are
overweight or obese, and the benefits start in just a few weeks"
-
Low
Potassium Linked To High Blood Pressure - Science Daily, 11/8/08 -
"As a risk factor for high blood pressure, low
levels of potassium in the diet may be as important as high levels of
sodium" - See
potassium products at iHerb.
-
Grapes May Aid A Bunch Of Heart Risk Factors, Animal Study Finds -
Science Daily, 10/29/08 - "Could eating grapes help
fight high blood pressure related to a salty diet? And could grapes calm
other factors that are also related to heart diseases such as heart failure?
A new University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center study suggests so"
- See
OPC + 95 products at iHerb.
-
Blood Pressure Response To Daily Stress Provides Clues For Better
Hypertension Treatment - Science Daily, 8/14/08 -
"Research shows that two-thirds of patients’ high
blood pressure is not controlled despite the best efforts of their doctors.
That is terrible ... Studies will explore fundamentals such as why about 30
percent of young healthy blacks and 15 percent of whites can’t effectively
excrete sodium, a problem that raises blood pressure by increasing the
body’s fluid volume. “We think there is a defect in their kidneys, in the
normal mechanisms that allow them to excrete salt,” ... America’s current
obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemic also has them looking at insulin,
glucose and cholesterol levels and whether fat exacerbates all the factors
they are following, which they believe it does"
-
Cardiovascular Risk: Low Sodium Diets Might Be Worse Than High Salt Diets
- Science Daily, 5/15/08 - "Contrary to long-held
assumptions, high-salt diets may not increase the risk of death ... The
Einstein researchers actually observed a significantly increased risk of
death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with lower sodium diets"
- This has been going back and forth for years. I try to cut down and
use Morton Lite salt, etc.
-
Reducing Salt Intake Can Lower the Long-Term Risk for Cardiovascular Events
- Medscape, 4/24/08 - "Cutting back on salt intake,
while known to lower blood pressure, also appears to significantly reduce
the long-term risk of cardiovascular events. Observational follow-up from
the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) showed that a reduction in salt
intake could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes by 25%"
-
Salt intake brings new levels of alarm - USATODAY.COM, 2/10/08 -
"Salt "is the single most harmful element in the
food supply, even worse than saturated fat and trans fat, or food additives
and pesticides," ... most Americans consume about 3,500 to 4,000 milligrams
of sodium a day ... Government guidelines recommend that certain groups in
which there is a greater prevalence of high blood pressure, including black,
middle-aged and older people, limit their daily sodium intake to 1,500
milligrams"
-
High-salt diet link to ulcer risk - BBC News, 5/22/07
-
Cut Heart Risk by Eating Less Salt - WebMD, 4/19/07 -
"people who reduced their dietary
sodium while participating in the studies saw 25% reductions in heart
disease and stroke risk 10 to 15 years later, compared with people who ate
their usual diets"
-
Salt
Intake Is Strongly Associated With Obesity - Science Daily, 11/13/06 -
"Perhaps the most interesting
finding of the study is the close link between salt intake and obesity. The
study reports that increasing intakes of sodium (salt) obligatorily produce
a progressive increase in thirst. The progressive increase in the average
intake of salt explains the observed concomitant increase in the intake of
beverages which, in turn, has caused a marked net increase in the intake of
calories during the same period in the United States"
-
The War Over Salt - New York Times, 9/13/06
- Good
News for Salt Lovers - New Hope Natural Media Online, 8/3/06 -
"The men who ate from the kitchens
using potassium-enriched salt were about 40% less likely to die from
cardiovascular disease than the men who ate from the kitchens using regular
salt"
-
Salt Substitute May Help Hearts - WebMD, 6/16/06
-
Substituting Salt With a Potassium Salt May Benefit Elderly Veterans -
Medscape, 6/14/06 - "subjects in the
potassium chloride cohort had a hazard ratio of 0.59 for CVD mortality vs
the control group ... Subjects in the potassium chloride group enjoyed an
increased average life expectancy of 0.3 to 0.9 years vs the control group
... Dietary potassium chloride was associated with a significant reduction
in the cost of inpatient care vs sodium chloride, with subjects in the
experimental group incurring an average of $426 less inpatient cost per
individual"
-
Too Much Salt in Restaurant, Processed Foods? - WebMD, 8/18/05
-
Salt
Kicks Hypertension Up A Notch - Science Daily, 6/7/05
-
Some True Facts About Salt - CBS 2
Chicago, 2/24/05
- Is
Sodium Restriction Important to Hypertension? -
Medscape, 6/23/04
- Salt Getting Overlooked In Health Craze -
Intelihealth, 5/24/04 - "On average we take in about twice the recommended amount ... Although the
recommended government guideline for a healthy American adult is no more
than 2.4 grams of sodium a day, or about one teaspoon of salt, several
studies suggest much lower amounts"
- Current
“Healthy” Salt Recommendations Still Too High -
Healthwell, 5/20/04
- Americans Advised to Cut Salt, Follow Thirst -
WebMD, 2/11/04
- Reducing Sodium Does Not Adversely Affect Lipids -
Doctor's Guide, 10/3/03
- Remember Sodium? We're Still Getting Too Much -
Intelihealth, 3/14/03 - "The average American consumes 4,000 milligrams of sodium per day, far
exceeding the maximum of 2,400 milligrams recommended ... only an estimated
25 percent of daily sodium intake is added at the table. The remainder is
unseen, consumed in restaurant and processed foods ... A Weight Watchers
Smart Ones frozen entree may be low in fat and calories, but it's not so
light in sodium ... a Burger King Broiler Chicken Sandwich has 1,110
milligrams of sodium ... about 90 percent of the population is diagnosed
with hypertension by the age of 80. People
with high blood pressure have an increased risk for
heart disease
and stroke. High sodium levels also raise the
risk of osteoporosis and
kidney problems ... In the case of osteoporosis,
potassium appears to offset calcium losses from excessive sodium ...
postmenopausal women with diets high in salt lost higher amounts of bone
mineral. Eating potassium-rich foods such as bananas, tomatoes and orange
juice helped stem the calcium loss"
- Health Group Urges Less Salt In Food -
Intelihealth, 11/13/02 - "The nation's largest public health group is recommending a 50 percent
decrease in salt in processed food and restaurant meals over the next 10
years ... Government guidelines already recommend limiting intake of sodium
- which increases blood pressure - to no
more than 2.4 grams daily, or the equivalent of about a teaspoon of table
salt. But the average American adult consumes nearly 4 grams a day"
- Salt Reduction Has Little Impact On Cardiovascular Events Or Mortality
- Doctor's Guide, 9/23/02 - "Reducing patient dietary sodium intake has little effect or either
cardiovascular events or mortality ... There also are doubts about
effects of salt reduction on overall health"
- DASH Diet
And Reduced Sodium Lowers Blood Pressure For All -
Doctor's Guide, 12/18/01
- For Some Women, Limiting Salt Can Drastically Lower Health Risks
- WebMD, 7/31/01 - "those women who
ate only a teaspoon of salt per day reduced their blood pressure by 16
points, experiencing as much benefit as they would from some blood pressure
lowering medicines"
- Dietary
Sodium May Be Risk Factor For Proteinuria In African-Americans With High
Blood Pressure - Doctor's Guide, 7/11/01
- Will Licking Your Salt Habit Beat High Blood Pressure?
- WebMD, 6/18/01 - "lower levels of
dietary salt -- 1,500 mg a day -- cut blood pressure in individuals with and
without hypertension"
-
Has Hypertension Met Its Match? - Nutrition Science News, 4/01 -
"These study results indicate that reducing sodium lowers blood pressure in
people with or without hypertension. The researchers concluded that the
recommended sodium intake, already substantially lower than the average
intake, should be lowered further, and that more low-sodium products should
be made available"
- Study Shows
New Link Between Salt Sensitivity And Risk Of Death - Doctor's Guide,
2/15/01
-
Salt Sensitivity Increases Heart Disease Death Risk - WebMD, 10/25/00
- Cutting Down
On Salt To Prevent Stroke - Doctor's Guide,
9/19/00
- Low Sodium
Diet Important For Newly Diagnosed Diabetics -
Doctor's Guide, 8/23/00
- Decrease Homocysteine With DASH - Medscape,
8/22/00
-
Sodium Increases Death Risk in the Overweight - Nutrition Science News,
6/00
-
Study: All Should Lower Salt Intake - Intelihealth, 5/18/00
- Large Blood
Pressure Benefit From Reduced Dietary Sodium - Doctor's Guide, 5/17/00
-
Essential Nutrients for Endurance Athletes - Nutrition Science News,
5/99
-
Salt: Is it really that bad for you? - CNN, 8/14/98
- Lowest Salt
Use Linked To Highest Mortality - Doctor's Guide,
3/13/98
- Sodium
Sensitivity Puts Hypertensives At High Risk Of Cardiovascular Events
- Doctor's Guide, 12/12/97
- Cardia Salt
Alternative Shown To Lower Blood Pressure -
Doctor's Guide, 5/31/97
- New Salt
Alternative That Helps Reduce Blood Pressure Launched Nationally -
Doctor's Guide, 1/16/97
Abstracts:
-
Habitual
salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective
studies - Clin Nutr. 2012 Jan 30 - "Seven
studies (10 cohorts) met the inclusion criteria (268 718 participants, 1474
events, follow-up 6-15 years). In the pooled analysis, "high" and
"moderately high" vs "low" salt intake were both associated with increased
risk of gastric cancer (RR = 1.68 [95% C.I. 1.17-2.41], p = 0.005 and
respectively 1.41 [1.03-1.93], p = 0.032), with no evidence of publication
bias"
-
Effects
of Low-Sodium Diet vs. High-Sodium Diet on Blood Pressure, Renin,
Aldosterone, Catecholamines, Cholesterol, and Triglyceride (Cochrane Review)
- Am J Hypertens. 2011 Nov 9 - "The effect of sodium
reduction in: (i) Normotensives: Caucasians: systolic BP (SBP) -1.27 mm Hg
(95% confidence interval (CI): -1.88, -0.66; P = 0.0001), diastolic BP (DBP)
-0.05 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.51, 0.42; P = 0.85). Blacks: SBP -4.02 mm Hg (95%
CI: -7.37, -0.68; P = 0.002), DBP -2.01 mm Hg (95% CI: -4.37, 0.35; P =
0.09). Asians: SBP -1.27 mm Hg (95% CI: -3.07, 0.54; P = 0.17), DBP -1.68 mm
Hg (95% CI: -3.29, -0.06; P = 0.04). (ii) Hypertensives: Caucasians: SBP
-5.48 mm Hg (95% CI: -6.53, -4.43; P < 0.00001), DBP -2.75 mm Hg (95% CI:
-3.34, -2.17; P < 0.00001). Blacks: SBP -6.44 mm Hg (95% CI: -8.85, -4.03; P
= 0.00001), DBP -2.40 mm Hg (95% CI: -4.68, -0.12; P = 0.04). Asians: SBP
-10.21 mm Hg (95% CI: -16.98, -3.44; P = 0.003), DBP -2.60 mm Hg (95% CI:
-4.03, -1.16; P = 0.0004). Sodium reduction resulted in significant
increases in renin (P < 0.00001), aldosterone (P < 0.00001), noradrenaline
(P < 0.00001), adrenaline (P < 0.0002), cholesterol (P < 0.001), and
triglyceride"
-
Feasibility and antihypertensive effect of replacing regular salt with
mineral salt- rich in magnesium and potassium- in subjects with mildly
elevated blood pressure - Nutr J. 2011 Sep 2;10(1):88 -
"subjects consumed processed foods salted with
either NaCl or Smart Salt ... 24-h dU-Na decreased significantly in the
Smart Salt group (-29.8 mmol; p=0.012) and remained unchanged in the control
group: resulting in a 3.3 g difference in NaCl intake between the groups.
Replacement of NaCl with Smart Salt resulted in a significant reduction in
SBP over 8 weeks (-7.5 mmHg; p=0.016). SBP increased (+3.8 mmHg, p=0.072)
slightly in the Regular salt group" - See
smartsalt.com.
-
Reduced
Dietary Salt for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis
of Randomized Controlled Trials (Cochrane Review) - Am J Hypertens. 2011
Jul 6 - "Despite collating more event data than
previous systematic reviews of RCTs (665 deaths in some 6,250 participants)
there is still insufficient power to exclude clinically important effects of
reduced dietary salt on mortality or CVD morbidity. Our estimates of
benefits from dietary salt restriction are consistent with the predicted
small effects on clinical events attributable to the small BP reduction
achieved"
-
Sodium
intake in men and potassium intake in women determine the prevalence of
metabolic syndrome in Japanese hypertensive patients: OMEGA Study -
Hypertens Res. 2011 Jun 9 - "High sodium intake was
significantly related to increased SBP (P=0.0003) and DBP (P=0.0130). Low
potassium intake was significantly related to increased SBP (P=0.0057) and
DBP (P=0.0005). Low soybean/fish intake was significantly related to
increased SBP (P=0.0133). A significantly higher prevalence of MS was found
in men in the highest quartile of sodium intake compared with the lower
quartiles (P=0.0026) and in women in the lowest quartile of potassium intake
compared with the higher quartiles (P=0.0038). A clear relation between
dietary habits and blood pressure was found in Japanese hypertensive
patients using a patient-administered questionnaire. Sodium and potassium
intake affect MS prevalence. Dietary changes are warranted within
hypertension treatment strategies"
-
The
Association Between Dietary Sodium Intake, ESRD, and All-Cause Mortality In
Patients With Type 1 Diabetes - Diabetes Care. 2011 Feb 9 -
"Many guidelines recommend reduced consumption of
salt in patients with type 1 diabetes, but it is unclear whether dietary
sodium intake is associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease
(ESRD) ... The median follow-up for survival analyses was 10 years, during
which 217 deaths were recorded (7.7%). Urinary sodium excretion was
nonlinearly associated with all-cause mortality, such that individuals with
the highest daily urinary sodium excretion, as well as the lowest excretion,
had reduced survival. This association was independent age, sex, duration of
diabetes, the presence and severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
(estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and log AER), the presence of
established cardiovascular disease, and systolic blood pressure. During
follow-up 126 patients developed ESRD (4.5%). Urinary sodium excretion was
inversely associated with the cumulative incidence of ESRD, such that
individuals with the lowest sodium excretion had the highest cumulative
incidence of ESRD. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 1 diabetes, sodium was
independently associated all-cause mortality and ESRD. Although we have not
demonstrated causality, these findings support the calls for caution before
applying salt restriction universally. Clinical trials must be performed in
diabetic patients to formally test the utility/risk of sodium restriction in
this setting"
-
Low-salt
diet increases insulin resistance in healthy subjects - Metabolism. 2010
Oct 29 - "Low-salt (LS) diet activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
and sympathetic nervous systems, both of which can increase insulin
resistance (IR) ... Low-salt diet was significantly associated with higher
homeostasis model assessment index independent of age, sex, blood pressure,
body mass index, serum sodium and potassium, serum angiotensin II, plasma
renin activity, serum and urine aldosterone, and urine epinephrine and
norepinephrine. Low-salt diet is associated with an increase in IR. The
impact of our findings on the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular
disease needs further investigation"
-
Salt intake, blood pressure and clinical outcomes - Curr Opin Nephrol
Hypertens. 2008 May;17(3):310-314 - "The recent
Trials of Hypertension Prevention follow-up study found that, despite small
changes in blood pressure, the risk of cardiovascular disease was reduced by
25% among those in the sodium reduction intervention. A study of potassium
salt substitution among Taiwanese veterans supports this finding. Sodium and
potassium may act jointly in the development of hypertension and
cardiovascular disease"
-
Dietary salt restriction increases plasma lipoprotein and inflammatory
marker concentrations in hypertensive patients - Atherosclerosis. 2008
Feb 8 - "low sodium intake (LSI) ... LSI induced
alterations in the plasma lipoproteins and in inflammatory markers that are
common features of the metabolic syndrome"
-
Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease
outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention
(TOHP)
- BMJ. 2007 Apr 20 - "Risk of a
cardiovascular event was 25% lower among those in the intervention group
(relative risk 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.99, P=0.04), adjusted
for trial, clinic, age, race, and sex, and 30% lower after further
adjustment for baseline sodium excretion and weight (0.70, 0.53 to 0.94)"
-
The DASH Diet and Sodium Reduction Improve Markers of Bone
Turnover and Calcium Metabolism in Adults - J
Nutr. 2003 Oct;133(10):3130-3136 - "the DASH diet
significantly reduced bone turnover, which if sustained may improve bone
mineral status"
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