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Home > Anti-aging Research > Docosahexaenoic Acid.
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
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Specific Recommendations:
News & Research:
- Docosahexaenoic Acid
- Vitacost Health Library
-
Omega-3 Intake During Last Months Of Pregnancy Boosts An Infant's Cognitive
And Motor Development - Science Daily, 4/9/08 -
"Tests conducted on these infants at 6 and 11 months revealed that their
visual acuity as well as their cognitive and motor development were closely
linked to DHA concentration in the umbilical cord blood at the time of their
birth ... These results highlight the crucial importance of prenatal
exposure to omega-3s in a child's development"
-
Fish Diet May Cut Sudden Coronary Death - WebMD, 3/12/08 -
"Men who reported eating an average of 6 grams of
fatty fish daily -- that's two servings, according to the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's serving-size guidelines -- were 55% less likely than men who
ate no fatty fish to die of sudden coronary death ... The researchers chalk
up the results to the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA" - See
Mega Twin EPA at iHerb
and
Jarrow Max DHA at iHerb.
-
Cardiovascular Benefits Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reviewed - Science Daily,
3/12/08 - "The most compelling evidence for the
cardiovascular benefit provided by omega-3 fatty acids comes from three
large controlled trials of 32,000 participants randomized to receive omega-3
fatty acid supplements containing DHA and EPA or to act as controls ...
These trials showed reductions in cardiovascular events of 19 percent to 45
percent ... keeping fish oil capsules in the freezer ... may help reduce
burping and upset stomach symptoms" - I've always done the freezer
thing and haven't had any problem with the burp even on an empty stomach.
Also note that it's the DHA and EPA that count. I have friends that
buy cheap fish oil capsules that have very low DHA and EPA (omega-3) and
they think they are getting a great deal. I take
Jarrow Max DHA at iHerb
and
Jarrow Max DHA at iHerb.
They've got the highest percentage of omega-3 that I've found.
-
Late-onset Alzheimer's slowed by DHA omega-3 - Nutra USA, 1/25/08 -
"In this study, we report that DHA significantly
increases LR11 in multiple systems ... DHA may be most useful for early
intervention and prevention of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) ...
Because reduced LR11 is known to increase beta-amyloid production and may be
a significant genetic cause of LOAD, our results indicate that DHA increases
in [LR11] levels may play an important role in preventing LOAD" - [Abstract]
-
Anti-Alzheimer's Mechanism In Omega-3 Fatty Acids Found - Science Daily,
1/2/08 - "the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA) found in fish oil increases the production of LR11, a protein
that is found at reduced levels in Alzheimer's patients and which is known
to destroy the protein that forms the "plaques" associated with the disease"
-
Fish Oil Prevents Alzheimer's Plaques - WebMD, 12/26/07 -
"the fish-oil compound DHA causes brain cells to
make lots more LR11 ... Because reduced LR11 is known to increase beta
amyloid production and may be a significant genetic cause of late-onset
Alzheimer's disease, our results indicate that DHA increases in LR11 levels
may play an important role in preventing late-onset Alzheimer's disease"
-
Maternal omega-3 consumption boosts offspring's coordination - Nutra
USA, 12/20/07 - "Our results suggest that prenatal
DHA availability, which can be influenced by maternal dietary DHA intake
during pregnancy, can have an effect on quality of movement in later life"
- [Abstract]
-
Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs. Parkinson's? - WebMD, 11/30/07 -
"Our results suggest that this DHA deficiency is a
risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease, and that we would benefit
from evaluating omega-3's potential for preventing this disease in humans"
-
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Protect Against Parkinson's, Study Says - Science
Daily, 11/26/07 - "Omega-3 fatty acids protect the
brain against Parkinson's disease ... omega-3 fatty acids--in particular DHA
(docosahexaenoic acid), a specific type of omega-3--had replaced the omega-6
fatty acids already present in the brains of the mice that had been given
omega-3 supplementation"
-
Staving Off Alzheimer's Disease With The Right Diet, Prescriptions -
Science Daily, 11/7/07 - "Fish oil elevated the
level of a protein that prevents the formation of amyloid, the tell-tale
protein found in Alzheimer's. Caffeine reversed memory impairment in animal
models of the disease. In addition, environmental copper reduced the
clearance of amyloid, from the brain to blood ... scientists have identified
ways that essential omega-3 fatty acid -- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or fish
oil -- can help prevent Alzheimer's ... DHA also reduced pro-inflammatory
arachidonic acid in brains of Alzheimer's model mice, consistent with the
anti-inflammatory effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
that are associated with reduced Alzheimer's in people"
-
Different omega-3 may offer different colorectal protection - Nutra USA,
7/11/07 - "Increased intake of EPA was associated
with a 41 per cent reduction in risk, while DHA was associated with a 37 per
cent reduction in risk, comparing highest against lowest average intakes"
- [Abstract]
-
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Slows Alzheimer’s - WebMD, 4/18/07 -
"One received supplemental DHA only,
and the other two groups received DHA plus additional omega-6 fatty acids
... After three months, all of the mice on the DHA diets had lower levels of
beta-amyloid and tau proteins than those in the control group. But at nine
months, only those on the DHA-only diet had lower levels of both proteins"
-
Omega-3
Fatty Acid May Help Prevent Alzheimer's Brain Lesions - Science Daily,
4/17/07 - "One of these groups received
supplemental DHA only, and two groups received DHA plus additional omega-6 fatty
acids. After three months, mice in all of the test groups had lower levels of
beta amyloid and tau than mice in the control group, but at nine months, only
mice on the DHA diet had lower levels of both proteins"
-
Omega-3s boost bone mass in young men - study - Nutra USA, 3/8/07 -
"After a mean follow-up of seven
years 11 months Högström and co-workers report that concentrations of
omega-3 fatty acids were positively linked to total BMD, spine BMD, with DHA
specifically mentioned to have significant positive associations with these
two measures, at age 22"
-
Omega-3
in fish oils might ease depression - USA Today, 3/6/07 -
"The more DHA
a person consumed, the more gray matter there was in three areas of the brain
linked to mood: the amygdala, the hippocampus and the cingulate, Conklin says.
Seriously depressed people tend to have less
gray matter in these areas" [WebMD]
-
DHA alone can lower triglycerides, says study - Nutra USA, 2/7/07 -
"Subjects were randomized to either
1000mg of DHA or 1252 mg of DHA + EPA for eight weeks ... triglycerides were
lowered an average of 21.8 per cent in the DHA group and 18.3 per cent in
the DHA + EPA group"
-
Can
Fish Intake Predict Chances Of Developing Dementia? - Science Daily,
1/3/07 - "the participants who
reported consuming an average of about three servings of oily fish a
week--equivalent to blood levels of DHA at 180 milligrams daily--were
associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing dementia of all
types, including Alzheimer's disease. No other fatty acid blood level was
independently linked to the risk of dementia"
-
Higher Level Of Certain Fatty Acid Associated With Lower Dementia Risk -
Science Daily, 11/28/06 - "men and
women in the quartile with the highest DHA levels had a 47 percent lower
risk of developing dementia and 39 percent lower risk of developing
Alzheimer's disease than the other three quartiles with lower DHA levels ...
those in the top quartile of blood DHA levels reported that they ate an
average of .18 grams of DHA a day and an average of three fish servings a
week. Participants in the other quartiles ate substantially less fish"
- See
iHerb
or
Vitacost
DHA products. My favorite is
Jarrow Max DHA at iHerb.
-
Fat in Fish May
Help Prevent Dementia - WebMD, 11/13/06 -
"participants with the highest DHA
levels at the beginning of the study were 47% less likely to get dementia
and 39% less likely to get Alzheimer's disease during the study than the
rest of the group"
-
DHA and the Developing Brain
- Life Extension Magazine, 7/06
-
Vegetarians need DHA supplements, says Nutrinova - Nutra USA, 11/25/05
-
Eating Fish Associated with Slower Cognitive Decline - Doctor's Guide,
10/12/05 - "Consuming fish at least
once a week was associated with a 10% per year slower rate of cognitive
decline in elderly people ... consumption of one omega-3 fatty acid in
particular, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is important for memory performance
in aged animals"
-
Fatty Acids: Good For The Brain, Good For Alzheimer Disease - Science
Daily, 9/11/05 - "DHA can decrease
levels of the pathogenic Abeta peptides that are associated with Alzheimer
disease pathology in human brain cells"
-
Scientists Discover How Fish Oil Protects the Brain - Intelihealth,
9/9/05 - "docosahexaenoic acid, an
omega-3 fatty acid found in coldwater fish such as mackerel, sardines and
salmon, reduces levels of a protein known to cause damaging plaques in the
brains of Alzheimer's patients"
-
Fish Fat May Help Fight Alzheimer's Disease - WebMD, 9/8/05 -
"DHA helped brain cells in two ways:
... Curbing production of beta-amyloid proteins, which are seen in
Alzheimer's brain plaque ... Boosting production of another protein called
NPD1 that helps brain cells stay alive"
-
DHA in mother's milk boosts psychomotor skills - Nutra USA, 7/11/05
-
Fish
Oil Holds Promise In Alzheimer's Fight - Science Daily, 5/29/05 -
"one group of the mice DHA-fortified
chow ... After three to five months--the equivalent of several years in
human biology--the high-DHA group had 70-percent less buildup of amyloid
protein in the brain"
-
Fatty Acids DHA and ARA Significantly Aid Infant Development, Two New
Studies Show - Doctor's Guide, 4/15/05 -
"The groups receiving supplemental
DHA and ARA also had higher mental and psychomotor development scores at 118
weeks ... women who are breastfeeding can take a DHA dietary supplement to
ensure adequate levels of DHA in their breast milk. This is particularly
important because pregnant and nursing women in the U.S. do not typically
receive enough DHA through their diets to pass on the necessary amount to
their developing infants"
-
DHA reduces cholesterol particle size in children, shows study - Nutra
USA, 4/6/05
- Fish Oil May Fight
Alzheimer's Disease - WebMD, 3/22/05 -
"Brain imaging showed that the high-DHA
diet cut brain plaque by 40%. The largest drops were seen in brain areas
vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease ... The high-DHA diet also delivered the
biggest drop (70%) in levels of beta-amyloid protein in the brain, a
building block of plaque"
-
DHA Protects Against Alzheimer’s Disease? - Physician's Weekly, 1/3/05 -
"DHA intake should be considered as a potential neuroprotective strategy for AD"
- Good for the heart, good for the brain - MSNBC, 12/6/04 -
"While diets high in cholesterol are bad for the brain, getting plenty of omega 3 fatty acids, found
primarily in fish, is vital for a healthy noggin ... In particular, a component of omega 3 fatty acids known as DHA, or docosahexaenoic acid, is key"
-
Fishing For Answers To Alzheimer's: Healthful, Fish-Rich Diet Might Prevent Tragic Disease - Intelihealth, 11/17/04 -
"Fish is the most concentrated
natural source of a particular omega-3 called docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA. That fat is known to play a crucial role in learning and memory ... Unless you're eating fish every day, you're not getting enough DHA"
-
Why Fish Seems to Prevent Alzheimer's Damage - WebMD, 9/1/04 -
"DHA may prevent or slow Alzheimer's progression by protecting against damage
to the area where brain cells communicate"
-
Pregnant? Omega-3 Essential for Baby's Brain - WebMD, 7/16/04 -
"infants born to mothers with higher blood levels of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at
delivery had advanced levels of attention spans well into their second year of life" - See
iHerb or Vitacost
DHA products.
- Seeing Is Believing: Fatty Acid in Fish Oil May Slow Vision Loss - Healthwell, 5/20/04
-
High DHA Intake Linked to Less Alzheimer's, Other Dementia - Clinical Psychiatry News, 3/04 -
"People
who ate an average of 180 mg or more a day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a fatty acid found in fish oil, had about 40% less Alzheimer's disease and other dementia, compared with people who consumed less DHA"
-
Docosahexaenoic Acid, An Omega-3 Fatty Acid, Not Effective In Treating Major Depression - Doctor's Guide, 5/20/03
- Fish Oil Benefits Your Eyes - WebMD, 5/8/03 -
"Why might fish oil protect eyes from age-related
macular degeneration? One component of fish oil is docosahexaenoic acid -- DHA for short. It's one of the omega-3 fatty acids linked to other health benefits. Interestingly, DHA builds up in the eye near light-sensing nerve cells"
- Where’s the Best DHA? - Dr. Weil, 4/24/03
-
Evidence-based Products - Functional Foods & Nutraceuticals, 12/02 -
"3g EPA/d and 3g DHA/d (ROPUFA) increased systemic arterial compliance in 38
dyslipidemic men and women, resulting in reduced pulse pressure and total vascular resistance ... Results showed that ROPUFA increased SAC—36 per cent with EPA and 27 per cent with DHA—compared with placebo"
-
Mother's DHA Levels Predict Maturity of Baby's Brain - Natural Foods Merchandiser, 11/02 -
"On their first day after birth, babies whose mothers had high DHA
levels slept more soundly—the ratio of active to quiet sleep was about half that of the other babies. By their second day, the same babies were awake almost twice as much on average compared with the babies whose mothers had lower DHA levels"
Abstracts:
-
Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil improves heart rate variability and heart
rate responses to exercise in overweight adults - Br J Nutr. 2008 Mar
13;:1-7 - "heart rate variability (HRV), a predictor
of cardiac death ... 6 g fish oil/d (DHA 1.56 g/d, EPA 0.36 g/d) or
sunflower-seed oil (placebo) for 12 weeks ... maximal heart rate (HR) ...
Fish oil supplementation improved HRV by increasing high-frequency power,
representing parasympathetic activity, compared with placebo (P = 0.01; oil
x time interaction). It also reduced HR at rest and during submaximal
exercise"
-
Essential n-3 fatty acids in pregnant women and early visual acuity
maturation in term infants - Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Mar;87(3):548-57 -
"More infant girls in the placebo than in the DHA
intervention group had a visual acuity below average (P = 0.048). Maternal
red blood cell ethanolamine phosphoglyceride docosatetraenoic acid was
inversely related to visual acuity in boys (rho = -0.37, P < 0.05) and girls
(rho = -0.48, P < 0.01)"
-
Omega3 Fatty acids for cardioprotection - Mayo Clin Proc. 2008
Mar;83(3):324-32 - "The most compelling evidence for
the cardiovascular benefit provided by omega-3 fatty acids comes from 3
large controlled trials of 32,000 participants randomized to receive omega-3
fatty acid supplements containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or to act as controls. These trials showed
reductions in cardiovascular events of 19% to 45%. These findings suggest
that intake of omega-3 fatty acids, whether from dietary sources or fish oil
supplements, should be increased, especially in those with or at risk for
coronary artery disease. Patients should consume both DHA and EPA. The
target DHA and EPA consumption levels are about 1 g/d for those with known
coronary artery disease and at least 500 mg/d for those without disease.
Patients with hypertriglyceridemia benefit from treatment with 3 to 4 g/d of
DHA and EPA, a dosage that lowers triglyceride levels by 20% to 50%.
Although 2 meals of oily fish per week can provide 400 to 500 mg/d of DHA
and EPA, secondary prevention patients and those with hypertriglyceridemia
must use fish oil supplements if they are to reach 1 g/d and 3 to 4 g/d of
DHA and EPA, respectively" - See
Mega Twin EPA at iHerb
and
Jarrow Max DHA at iHerb.
I take both because the percentage of omega-3 (EPA and DHA) is very low in
other supplements. I don't know what the rest of that oil is but your
not saving anything by getting supplements with a low percentage. Just
do the math plus if the rest of the oil is an omega-6 you're not helping the
omega-6/omega-3 ratio.
-
Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder in adolescents: A case-control study - Nutr J.
2008 Feb 14;7(1):8 - "ADHD adolescents consumed more
energy and fat than controls but had similar anthropometry. ADHD children
consumed equivalent amounts of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids to controls,
however they had significantly lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA,
22:6n-3) and total omega-3 fatty acids, higher omega-6 fatty acids and a
lower ratio of n-3:n-6 fatty acids than control subjects. In addition, low
omega-3 status correlated with higher scores on several Conners' behavioural
scales ... These data suggest that adolescents with ADHD continue to display
abnormal essential fatty acid profiles that are often observed in younger
children and distinctly different from normal controls of similar age.
Further these red blood cell fatty acid differences are not explained by
differences in intake. This suggests that there are metabolic differences in
fatty acid handling between ADHD adolescents and normal controls. The value
of omega-3 supplements to improve fatty acid profiles and possibly
behaviours associated with ADHD, need to be examined" - See
Jarrow Max DHA at iHerb
and
Mega Twin EPA at iHerb.
-
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in atopic eczema: a randomized,
double-blind, controlled trial - Br J Dermatol. 2008 Jan 30 -
"either DHA 5.4 g daily (n = 21) or an isoenergetic
control of saturated fatty acids (n = 23) for 8 weeks ... DHA, but not the
control treatment, resulted in a significant clinical improvement of atopic
eczema"
-
Omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid increases SorLA/LR11, a sorting
protein with reduced expression in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD):
relevance to AD prevention - J Neurosci. 2007 Dec 26;27(52):14299-307 -
"late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) ... DHA
significantly increases LR11 in multiple systems ... Because reduced LR11 is
known to increase Abeta production and may be a significant genetic cause of
LOAD, our results indicate that DHA increases in SorLA/LR11 levels may play
an important role in preventing LOAD"
-
Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Decreases Remnant-Like
Particle-Cholesterol and Increases the (n-3) Index in Hypertriglyceridemic
Men - J Nutr. 2008 Jan;138(1):30-35 - "Plasma
remnant-like particle-cholesterol (RLP-C) and the RBC (n-3) index are novel
risk factors for cardiovascular disease ... DHA supplementation for 45 d
decreased (P < 0.05) fasting RLP-C (36%) and increased plasma
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA):arachidonic acid (AA) (100%) and the RBC (n-3)
index (109%). Continued supplementation with DHA between d 45 and 91 further
increased the RBC (n-3) index (162%) and plasma EPA:AA (137%) compared with
baseline values. RLP-C concentration was positively associated (P < 0.01)
with the plasma concentrations of triacylglycerols (Kendall's correlation
coefficient or r = 0.46), triacylglycerol:HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (r =
0.44), total cholesterol:HDL-C (r = 0.26), Apo B (r = 0.22), C III (r =
0.41), and E (r = 0.17), and 18:1(n-9) (r = 0.32); it was negatively
associated (P < 0.05) with plasma concentrations of DHA (r = -0.32), EPA (r
= -0.25), HDL-C (r = -0.21), LDL cholesterol:Apo B (r = -0.30), and
HDL-C:Apo A"
-
Relationship between long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at birth and
motor function at 7 years of age - Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Dec 19 -
"Our results suggest that prenatal DHA availability,
which can be influenced by maternal dietary DHA intake during pregnancy, can
have an effect on quality of movement in later life"
-
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a primary tumor suppressive omega-3 fatty acid,
inhibits growth of colorectal cancer independent of p53 mutational status
- Nutr Cancer. 2007;58(2):178-87 - "Taken together,
these findings suggest DHA is the primary tumor suppressive omega-3 fatty
acid in vivo and in vitro and inhibits cancer growth by p53 dependent and
independent pathways, while the marginal inhibition by EPA is p53
independent"
-
Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on erythrocyte
docosahexaenoic acid and blood lipid levels - Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct
31;:1-6 - "For every 1 g/d increase in DHA intake,
there was a 23 % reduction in TAG (mean baseline concentration 1.9 (sem 0.1)
mmol/l), 4.4 % increase in HDL-cholesterol and 7.1 % increase in
LDL-cholesterol. Erythrocyte DHA content increased in proportion to the dose
of DHA consumed (r 0.72, P < 0.001) and the increase after 12 weeks was
linearly related to reductions in TAG (r - 0.38, P < 0.01) and increases in
total cholesterol (r 0.39, P < 0.01), LDL-cholesterol (r 0.33, P < 0.01) and
HDL-cholesterol"
-
Gamma-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid decrease inflammation in dialysis
patients - J Ren Nutr. 2007 Sep;17(5):296-304 -
"gamma tocopherol (308 mg) and DHA (800 mg) ... In the treatment group, but
not in the placebo group, there were significant decreases in IL-6 (21.4 +/-
3.5 to 16.8 +/- 3.7 pg/mL), white blood cell (WBC) count (7.4 +/- 0.3 to 6.9
+/- 0.4 10(3)/microL), and neutrophil fraction of WBCs (4.8 +/- 0.3 to 4.4
+/- 0.3 10(3)/microL), at P < .05 for all"
-
Dietary Fatty acids and colorectal cancer: a case-control study - Am J
Epidemiol. 2007 Jul 15;166(2):181-95 - "Significant
dose-dependent reductions in risk were associated with increased consumption
of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (highest vs. lowest quartile of
intake: odds ratio = 0.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.50, 0.80; p < 0.0005
for trend) and of eicosapentaenoic (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence
interval: 0.47, 0.75; p < 0.0005 for trend) and docosahexaenoic (odds ratio
= 0.63"
-
Tissue n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and risk for coronary heart disease events
- Atherosclerosis. 2007 May 14 - "The long-chain n-3 FA, especially DHA, were consistently and significantly
reduced in patients experiencing CHD events. These findings add further
support to the view that long-chain n-3 FA are cardioprotective"
-
Role of prescription omega-3 Fatty acids in the treatment of
hypertriglyceridemia - Pharmacotherapy. 2007 May;27(5):715-28 -
"In patients with triglyceride
levels above 500 mg/dl, approximately 4 g/day of EPA and DHA reduces
triglyceride levels 45% and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
by more than 50%"
-
The triglyceride-lowering effects of a modest dose of docosahexaenoic acid
alone versus in combination with low dose eicosapentaenoic acid in patients
with coronary artery disease and elevated triglycerides - J Am Coll Nutr.
2006 Dec;25(6):480-5 - "randomized
to either 1000 mg of DHA or 1252 mg of DHA + EPA for eight weeks ...
Triglycerides decreased by an average of 21.8% in the DHA group (p < 0.001)
and 18.3% in the DHA + EPA group (p < 0.001). The difference between groups
was not significant. A greater proportion of subjects in the DHA group
achieved triglyceride goal (less than 150 mg/dL) compared to the DHA + EPA
group (24.6% versus 10.2%, p < 0.05)"
-
Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in
elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study - Am J Clin Nutr. 2007
Apr;85(4):1142-7 - "Fish consumers
had significantly (P = 0.01) less 5-y subsequent cognitive decline than did
nonconsumers. A linear trend was observed for the relation between the
intake of EPA+DHA and cognitive decline (P = 0.01). An average difference of
approximately 380 mg/d in EPA+DHA intake was associated with a 1.1-point
difference in cognitive decline"
-
n-3 Fatty acids are positively associated with peak bone mineral density and
bone accrual in healthy men: the NO2 Study - Am J Clin Nutr. 2007
Mar;85(3):803-7 - "The results
showed that n-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, are positively associated with
bone mineral accrual and, thus, with peak BMD in young men"
-
Omega 3 fatty acids and the brain: review of studies in depression -
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl:391-7 - "It is clear from the literature
that DHA is involved in a variety of processes in neural cells and that its
role is far more complex than simply influencing cell membrane properties"
-
Plasma Phosphatidylcholine Docosahexaenoic Acid Content and Risk of Dementia
and Alzheimer Disease: The Framingham Heart Study - Arch Neurol 2006;63
1545-1550 - "Subjects in the upper
quartile of plasma PC DHA levels had a mean DHA intake of 0.18 g/d and a
mean fish intake of 3.0 servings per week ... The top quartile of plasma PC
DHA level was associated with a significant 47% reduction in the risk of
developing all-cause dementia"
-
Potential role of dietary n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of dementia and
macular degeneration - Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6 Suppl):1494S-1498S
- "n-3 Fatty acids, particularly
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are highly concentrated in brain and retinal
tissue and may prevent or delay the progression of dementia and AMD. Low
dietary intakes and plasma concentrations have been reported to be
associated with dementia, cognitive decline, and AMD risk ... Our own
unpublished observations from the Framingham Heart Study suggest that > or
=180 mg/d of dietary DHA (approximately 2.7 fish servings/wk) is associated
with an approximately 50% reduction in dementia risk"
-
The independent effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on
cardiovascular risk factors in humans - Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.
2006 Mar;9(2):95-104 - "Clinical
trials and experimental studies have shown that omega3 fatty acids have many
other potentially important antiatherogenic and antithrombotic effects.
Omega-3 fatty acids lower blood pressure and heart rate, improve
dyslipidaemia, reduce inflammation, and improve vascular and platelet
function. These favourable effects have until recently been primarily
attributed to the omega3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid, which is present
in large amounts in fish oil. Controlled studies in humans now demonstrate
that docosahexaenoic acid, although often present in lower quantities, has
equally important anti-arrhythmic, anti-thrombotic and anti-atherogenic
effects"
-
Depression and long chain n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue in adults from
Crete - Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Feb 8 - "The inverse relationship between
adipose DHA and depression in adults,
replicates findings of a previous study. This relationship indicates that a
low long-term dietary intake of DHA is associated with an increased risk for
depression in adults"
-
Essential fatty acids, DHA and human brain - Indian J Pediatr. 2005
Mar;72(3):239-42 - "It is
recommended that the pregnant and nursing woman should take at least 2.6g of
omega-3 fatty acids and 100-300 mg of DHA daily to look after the needs of
her fetus and suckling infant. The follow-up studies have shown that infants
of mothers supplemented with EFAs and DHA had higher mental processing
scores, psychomotor development, eye-hand coordination and stereo acuity at
4 years of age. Intake of EFAs and DHA during preschool years may also have
a beneficial role in the prevention of attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) and enhancing learning capability and academic performance"
-
N-3 fatty acids and pregnancy outcomes - Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005 Mar;8(2):161-166 -
"Children whose mothers received docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and lactation scored better in mental processing tests carried out at 4 years than children whose mothers received placebo"
-
Growth and development of preterm infants fed infant formulas
containing docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid
- J Pediatr. 2005 Apr;146(4):461-8 - "Feeding formulas
with DHA and ARA from algal and fungal oils resulted in enhanced growth.
Both supplemented formulas provided better developmental outcomes than
unsupplemented formulas"
-
Circulating triacylglycerol and apoE levels in response to EPA and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adult human subjects - Br J Nutr. 2004
Sep;92(3):477-83 - "Our present results indicate that DHA may be more efficacious than EPA in improving the plasma lipid profile"
- LDL cholesterol-raising effect of low-dose docosahexaenoic acid in middle-aged men and women - Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):558-563 -
"A daily intake of approximately 0.7 g DHA increases LDL cholesterol by 7% in middle-aged men and women. It is suggested that DHA down-regulates the expression of the LDL receptor"
- Randomized controlled trial of the effect of n–3 fatty acid supplementation on the metabolism of apolipoprotein B-100 and chylomicron remnants in men with visceral obesity - Am. J. of
Clin. Nutr., 2/03 - "randomly assigned to receive either fish oil capsules (4 g/d, consisting of 45% eicosapentaenoic acid and 39% docosahexaenoic acid as ethyl esters) or matching placebo ... Fish oil supplementation
significantly (P < 0.05) lowered plasma concentrations of triacylglycerols (-18%) and VLDL apo B (-20%) and the hepatic secretion of VLDL apo B (-29%) compared with placebo" - Doing the math, 45% of 4 grams equals 1,800 mg of EPA, 39% of 4 grams equals 1,560 mg of DHA.
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