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Home > Anti-aging Research > Carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
Related Topics:
General Information:
- Carbohydrates - Harvard School of Public Health
-
Is
Fructose Dangerous? - thenutritionreporter.com
News & Research:
-
Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets may reduce both tumor growth rates and
cancer risk - Science Daily, 6/14/11 - "The
first diet, a typical Western diet, contained about 55 percent carbohydrate,
23 percent protein and 22 percent fat. The second, which is somewhat like a
South Beach diet but higher in protein, contained 15 percent carbohydrate,
58 percent protein and 26 percent fat. They found that the tumor cells grew
consistently slower on the second diet ... As well, mice genetically
predisposed to breast cancer were put on these two diets and almost half of
them on the Western diet developed breast cancer within their first year of
life while none on the low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet did.
Interestingly, only one on the Western diet reached a normal life span
(approximately 2 years), with 70 percent of them dying from cancer while
only 30 percent of those on the low-carbohydrate diet developed cancer and
more than half these mice reached or exceeded their normal life span ...
tumor cells, unlike normal cells, need significantly more glucose to grow
and thrive. Restricting carbohydrate intake can significantly limit blood
glucose and insulin, a hormone that has been shown in many independent
studies to promote tumor growth in both humans and mice"
-
Cut
down on 'carbs' to reduce body fat, study authors say - Science Daily,
6/5/11 - "Subjects received either a standard
lower-fat diet or a diet with a modest reduction in carbohydrates, or "carbs,"
but slightly higher in fat than the standard diet. The moderately carb-restricted
diet contained foods that had a relatively low glycemic index, a measure of
the extent to which the food raises blood glucose levels. This diet
consisted of 43 percent calories from carbohydrates and 39 percent calories
from fat, whereas the standard diet contained 55 percent of calories from
carbohydrates and 27 percent from fat. Protein made up the other 18 percent
of each diet ... After the weight maintenance phase, subjects who consumed
the moderately carb-restricted diet had 11 percent less deep abdominal fat
than those who ate the standard diet. However, when the researchers analyzed
results by race, they found it was exclusive to whites. Whites have more
deep abdominal fat than Blacks even when matched for body weight or percent
body fat, and may benefit from loss of this metabolically harmful depot"
-
Limiting carbs, not calories, reduces liver fat faster, researchers find
- Science Daily, 4/19/11 - "Curbing carbohydrates is
more effective than cutting calories for individuals who want to quickly
reduce the amount of fat in their liver ... could have implications for
treating numerous diseases including diabetes, insulin resistance and
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or NAFLD. The disease, characterized by
high levels of triglycerides in the liver, affects as many as one-third of
American adults. It can lead to liver inflammation, cirrhosis and liver
cancer ... Weight loss, regardless of the mechanism, is currently the most
effective way to reduce liver fat"
-
Highest Mortality Risk Seen With High-Fat Dairy and High Sugar Intake -
Medscape, 12/23/10 - "Compared to people who ate
healthy foods, men and women in their 70s had a 40% higher risk of death if
they got most of their calories from high-fat dairy foods or from sweets and
desserts" - I'd take that one study with a grain of salt. In
regard to dairy, it contradicts this analysis of many studies.
-
Milk and dairy
consumption and incidence of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause
mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
- Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jan;93(1):158-71 - "PubMed,
EMBASE, and SCOPUS were searched for articles published up to February
2010. Of >5000 titles evaluated, 17 met the inclusion criteria, all of
which were original prospective cohort studies ... A modest inverse
association was found between milk intake and risk of overall CVD [4
studies; relative risk (RR): 0.94 per 200 mL/d; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99].
Milk intake was not associated with risk of CHD (6 studies; RR: 1.00;
95% CI: 0.96, 1.04), stroke (6 studies; RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.05),
or total mortality (8 studies; RR per 200 mL/d: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.95,
1.03). Limited studies of the association of total dairy products and of
total high-fat and total low-fat dairy products (per 200 g/d) with CHD
showed no significant associations"
-
Animal-Based Low-Carbohydrate Diet Linked to Higher All-Cause Mortality
- Medscape, 9/7/10 - "In a pooled analysis comparing
the lowest vs the highest deciles, overall low-carbohydrate score was
associated with a slight increase in overall mortality rates (hazard ratio
[HR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 - 1.24; P for trend = .136).
Higher animal-based low-carbohydrate score was associated with higher
all-cause mortality rates (pooled HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11 - 1.37; P for trend
= .051), cardiovascular deaths (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01 - 1.29; P for trend =
.029), and cancer-related deaths (corresponding HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.02 -
1.60; P for trend = .089) ... In contrast, higher vegetable-based
low-carbohydrate score was linked to reduced all-cause mortality rates (HR,
0.80; 95% CI, 0.75 - 0.85; P for trend ≤ .001) and cardiovascular deaths
(HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.68 - 0.87; P for trend < .001)"
-
Study: Too Much Sugar Increases Heart Risks - Time Magazine, 4/21/10 -
"Compared with people consuming less than 5% of
their daily calories in added sugar, those in the highest consumption group
— who got 25% or more of their daily calories in added sugar — were twice as
likely to have low levels of HDL cholesterol, the beneficial lipid that mops
up artery-clogging LDL cholesterol. According to government health
guidelines, HDL levels below 50 mg/dL for women and 40 mg/dL for men are
considered low; 43% of the highest sugar consumers recorded low HDL, while
only 22% of the lowest sugar consumers did ... People eating the most added
sugar also recorded the highest triglyceride levels ... Low HDL and high
triglyceride levels are two of the primary risk factors for heart disease"
-
Eating the Wrong Kind of Carbohydrates Increases Heart Disease Risk -
U.S. News and World Report, 4/12/10 - "women who ate
the most "high-glycemic" carbohydrates—which cause quick spikes in blood
sugar levels—had more than twice the risk of having heart disease as those
who ate the least. (The study didn't find the same association in men.)
What's interesting, though, is that it was the type of carbs, not the
amount, that had the health impact. "High consumption of carbohydrate from
high-glycemic foods, rather than overall quantity of carbohydrate consumed,
appears to influence the risk of developing heart disease in women,""
-
Mood
Improves On Low-fat, But Not Low-carb, Diet Plan - Science Daily,
11/10/09 - "After one year, a low-calorie, low-fat
diet appears more beneficial to dieters' mood than a low-carbohydrate plan
with the same number of calories"
-
High-Carb, High-Fat Diets Better for Cognitive Performance - Medscape,
9/1/09 - "Diets high in carbohydrates or fat can
lead to significantly better cognitive-performance and inflight-testing
scores in pilots than diets high in protein"
-
Low-carb
Diets Linked To Atherosclerosis And Impaired Blood Vessel Growth -
Science Daily, 8/25/09 - "Even as
low-carbohydrate/high-protein diets have proven successful at helping
individuals rapidly lose weight, little is known about the diets' long-term
effects on vascular health ... mice placed on a 12-week low
carbohydrate/high-protein diet showed a significant increase in
atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the heart's arteries and a leading
cause of heart attack and stroke ... our research suggests that, at least in
animals, these diets could be having adverse cardiovascular effects that are
not reflected in simple serum markers"
-
High-carb diet could aid slimming: Study - Nutra USA, 7/20/09
-
Carbohydrate Restriction May Slow Prostate Tumor Growth - Science Daily,
5/26/09 - "The researchers believe that insulin and
insulin-like growth factor contribute to the growth and proliferation of
prostate cancer, and that a diet devoid of carbohydrates lowers serum
insulin levels in the bodies of the mice, thereby slowing tumor growth"
-
Not
So Sweet: Over-consumption Of Sugar Linked To Aging - Science Daily,
3/9/09 - "We know that lifespan can be extended in
animals by restricting calories such as sugar intake ...it's not sugar
itself that is important in this process but the ability of cells to sense
its presence ... the lifespan of yeast cells increased when glucose was
decreased from their diet. They then asked whether the increase in lifespan
was due to cells decreasing their ability to produce energy or to the
decrease in signal to the cells by the glucose sensor ... cells unable to
consume glucose as energy source are still sensitive to the pro-aging
effects of glucose. Conversely, obliterating the sensor that measures the
levels of glucose significantly increased lifespan"
-
Low-carb
Diets Can Affect Dieters' Cognition Skills - Science Daily, 12/11/08 -
"A new study from the psychology department at Tufts
University shows that when dieters eliminate carbohydrates from their meals,
they performed more poorly on memory-based tasks than when they reduce
calories, but maintain carbohydrates. When carbohydrates were reintroduced,
cognition skills returned to normal"
-
Low-carb
Diets Alter Glucose Formation By The Liver - Science Daily, 10/20/08 -
"a low-carbohydrate diet changes hepatic energy
metabolism. When carbohydrates are restricted, the liver relies more on
substances like lactate and amino acids to form glucose, instead of glycerol
... They suggest that the shift in glucose metabolism associated with a low
carbohydrate diet could be beneficial in individuals with non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to improved disposal of hepatic fat"
-
Too
Much Sugar Turns Off Gene That Controls Effects Of Sex Steroids -
Science Daily, 11/21/07 - "This discovery reinforces
public health advice to eat complex carbohydrates and avoid sugar ...
Glucose and fructose are metabolized in the liver. When there’s too much
sugar in the diet, the liver converts it to lipid. Using a mouse model and
human liver cell cultures, the scientists discovered that the increased
production of lipid shut down a gene called SHBG (sex hormone binding
globulin), reducing the amount of SHBG protein in the blood. SHBG protein
plays a key role in controlling the amount of testosterone and estrogen
that’s available throughout the body"
-
Intake of sucrose-sweetened water induces insulin resistance and exacerbates
memory deficits and amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's
disease - J Biol Chem. 2007 Oct 17 -
"controlling the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages may be an
effective way to curtail the risk of developing AD"
-
Limiting Refined Carbohydrates May Stall AMD Progression - Science
Daily, 10/8/07 - "Our data showed those people in
the high-glycemic-index group were at greater risk of AMD progression,
especially those already in the late stages ... Participants who consumed
the most refined carbohydrates were 17 percent more likely to develop
blinding AMD than the group that consumed the least"
-
Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors
and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community -
Circulation. 2007 Jul 31;116(5):480-8 - "Consumption
of > or = 1 soft drink per day was associated with increased odds of
developing metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.74), obesity (OR,
1.31; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.68), increased waist circumference (OR, 1.30; 95%
CI, 1.09 to 1.56), impaired fasting glucose (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05 to
1.48), higher blood pressure (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.44),
hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.51), and low high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol (OR, 1.32"
-
Carbs May Help You Fall Asleep Faster - WebMD, 2/14/07 -
"Carbs which quickly raise blood
sugar (those with a high glycemic index) may hasten sleep, especially when
eaten four hours before bedtime ... The men fell asleep fastest after eating
the jasmine rice meal four hours before bedtime. It took them nine minutes,
on average, to fall asleep that night ... They were slowest to fall asleep
after eating the long-grain rice meal four hours before bedtime, taking
nearly 18 minutes, on average, to fall asleep"
-
Calories Seen Outweighing Sugar as Diabetes Risk - Vital Choices
Newsletter, 1/1/07 - "they found no
link between consumption of sweetened beverages and the risk of developing
diabetes ... men who drank four or more cups of coffee a day cut their risk
of developing type-2 diabetes by more than 23 percent ... while a high sugar
intake may not by itself cause diabetes, it can certainly be a major
contributing factor to weight gain and obesity: factors that clearly do
promote diabetes" - [Abstract
/
Abstract]
-
Sugar-packed diet may boost pancreatic cancer risk - Reuters, 11/29/06 -
"People who consumed two or more
servings of soft drinks a day had a 93 percent greater risk of pancreatic cancer
... Eating too much sugar could therefore conceivably boost pancreatic cancer
risk by putting greater demands on the pancreas to produce insulin while
reducing sensitivity to the hormone"
-
20-year Study Finds No Association Between Low-carb Diets And Risk Of
Coronary Heart Disease - Science Daily, 11/9/06 -
"In the first study to look at the
long-term effects of low-carbohydrate diets, researchers from the Harvard
School of Public Health (HSPH) found no evidence of an association between
low-carb diets and an increased risk of CHD in women. Their findings did
suggest, however, an association between low-carb diets high in vegetable
sources of fat and protein and a low risk of CHD"
- Pancreatic
cancer tied to fizzy drinks and sugar - MSNBC, 11/8/06 -
"The group of people who said they
drank fizzy or syrup-based drinks twice a day or more ran a 90 percent
higher risk of getting cancer of the pancreas than those who never drank
them"
- Carbs may
be worse for heart than fatty foods - MSNBC, 11/8/06 -
"The study of thousands of women
over two decades found that those who got lots of their carbohydrates from
refined sugars and highly processed foods nearly doubled their risk of heart
disease ... At the same time, those who ate a low-carb diet but got more of
their protein and fat from vegetables rather than animal sources cut their
heart disease risk by 30 percent on average"
-
Key
Sugar Sweetens Athletic Performance - HealthDay, 1/12/06 -
"The women were tracked on how they
performed on 2,000-meter rowing time trials over eight weeks ... The women who
took the dextrose drink showed a median improvement of 15.2 seconds over eight
weeks, compared to a median improvement of 5.2 seconds among the women who took
the ribose drink" [WebMD] - See
Dextrose products at iHerb
 . By my calculations, 10 grams would be 3.125
teaspoons or about a tablespoon and would be 37.5 calories. It's worth a
try to see if it makes my jogging a swimming easier. - Ben
-
Carbohydrate-rich diets may improve insulin control - Nutra USA, 1/11/06
- "Although an increasing body of
evidence would suggest merit in adopting high-carbohydrate, low-GI diets,
the charge that high-GI diets result in insulin resistance is unproven on
the basis of current experimental data"
-
Low-Fat, High-Carb Diet Is No Gainer - WebMD, 1/3/06
-
High-carb diet may raise diabetics’ blood pressure - Nutra USA, 11/28/05
-
Low-carb
Diet Better Than Low-fat Diet At Improving Metabolic Syndrome - Science
Daily, 11/16/05 - "the features of
metabolic syndrome are precisely those that are improved by reducing
carbohydrates in the diet"
- Do Carbs, Calories Affect Alzheimer's Risk? - WebMD, 1/13/05 -
"mice eating fewer calories and carbohydrates than those allowed to eat all they wanted
showed no signs of Alzheimer's-like disease, even though they had been bred to have the condition"
- High- and Low-Carb Diets Produce Similar Results - Medscape, 11/17/04 -
"A rare head-to-head comparison of a high glycemic index (GI)/high-carbohydrate diet
with a low-GI/low-carbohydrate diet resulted in comparable weight loss and increase in insulin sensitivity"
- Carbohydrates May Make You Feel Full Longer - WebMD, 11/9/04
- Center Refutes Finding That Added Sugars Displace Vitamins And Minerals - Science Daily, 10/11/04
- Counting Carbs? - Dr. Weil, 8/17/04
- High-Carb Diet Linked to Breast Cancer - WebMD, 8/6/04
- Study Links High Carbohydrate Diet To Increased Breast Cancer Risk - Science Daily, 8/6/04 -
"those who derived 57 or more percent of their
total energy intake from carbohydrates incurred a risk of breast cancer 2.2 times higher than women with more balanced diets"
- When a Carb's Not a Carb: The Net Carb Debate - WebMD, 8/5/04
- High-Carb Diets May Help Maintain Weight - WebMD, 8/4/04 -
"High-fiber foods help control weight in several ways: They tend to fill you up faster, so
you're less hungry and less likely to overeat. But they also tend to be lower in their glycemic index, producing less of a spike in blood sugar levels after meals and therefore less of an increase in insulin levels"
- Researchers: Sweetener [fructose] Gets A Bad Rap - Intelihealth, 7/19/04
- Not All Sugars Are Equal, at Least When it Comes to Weight Gain and Health - Doctor's Guide, 6/4/04 -
"drinking beverages
containing fructose, a naturally-occurring sugar commonly used to sweeten soft drinks and other beverages, induces a pattern of hormonal responses that may favor the development of obesity"
- More Carbs, More Exercise = More Weight Loss - WebMD, 3/5/04 -
"The thinnest people eat the most carbs
... Without exception, a high-complex-carbohydrate, high-vegetable-protein diet is associated with low body mass ... High-protein diets were associated with higher body weight"
- Low carbs cause mood 'lows' - Nutra USA, 3/2/04 -
"a lack of carbohydrates will reduce levels of the mood-regulating hormone seratonin"
- U.S. Eating More Carbs - WebMD, 2/5/04
- Study Links High-Carbs And Weight Loss - Intelihealth, 1/27/04
- Carbohydrate-Rich Diet Associated with Lower High-Density Lipoprotein Levels - Doctor's Guide, 10/6/03 -
"The researchers defined glycaemic index as the measure of blood glucose after consumption of carbohydrate-containing foods, ranging in values from 1 to 100. Glycaemic
load was defined as the carbohydrate content of a food multiplied by the glycaemic index and servings per week ... Results showed an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol level and both the glycaemic index and glycaemic load" - Note: HDL is the good cholesterol.
- Lean Plate Club: Find the Hidden Sugars - Washington Post, 3/11/03
- Can Carbs Make You Sick? - Dr. Weil, 9/3/02
- Carbs vs Fats - Time, 9/2/03
- Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Diets Increase Risk Of Kidney Stones And May Raise Bone Loss Risk - Doctor's Guide, 8/1/02 -
"acid excretion - a marker for the acid load in the blood - increased as much as 90 percent while subjects were on diets that severely restricted carbohydrates. Levels of urinary citrate, which inhibits kidney stones, fell by almost 25
percent in the group during the six-week study ... People may lose weight on this diet, but this study shows that this is not a healthy way to lose weight ... there was an increased risk of developing kidney stones and a possible increase in the risk of bone loss"
- Want to Reduce Your Diabetes Risk? - WebMD, 7/25/02 -
"those who reported eating the most servings of whole grain foods tended
to have lower insulin levels, lower body weights, and lower cholesterol levels ... The study is just the latest to find that foods such as slow-cooking oatmeal, popcorn, brown rice, and certain processed whole grain breads and cereals are protective against type 2 diabetes. Eating whole
grain foods has also been shown to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease ... the wildly popular weight-loss programs that restrict or eliminate carbohydrates from the diet are delivering the false message that all carbohydrates are bad"
- Snack Food-Cancer Risk Link Downplayed - WebMD, 6/28/02
- Food Substance [acrylamide] Concerns Researchers - Intelihealth, 6/28/02
- High-Protein Beats High-Carbohydrate for Weight Loss in Low-Fat Diets - Doctor's Guide, 2/26/02 -
"Measurements taken after a 10 hour fast and at 2.5-hour post breakfast, lunch and dinner showed that postprandial thermogenesis averaged about twofold higher on the high-protein against the high-carbohydrate
diet ... Nitrogen balance on the high protein diet was found to be significantly greater than the high-carbohydrate diet"
- Mother's Diet During Pregnancy May Influence Child's Blood Pressure Later In Life - Intelihealth, 1/17/02 -
"Pregnant women who
consume a diet rich in animal protein and low in carbohydrates may be more likely to have children with elevated blood pressure later in life"
- Many Parents Are Confused About What to Feed Growing Athletes - WebMD, 7/6/01 -
"The survey of parents of 6- to 12-year-old athletes, conducted by the American Dietetic
Association's sports group, SCAN (Sports, Cardiovascular and Wellness Nutritionists) found that 60% said athletic kids need lots of protein to increase muscle size. However, such kids actually need a diet rich in breads, cereals, pasta, and other carbohydrates because
carbs are the body's main energy source for exercise and the major fuel for the brain ... "Despite the popular myth, extra protein doesn't mean bigger muscles because muscle size is dependent on
calories, physical maturity, genetics, and training," she tells WebMD. The athletic kid's diet ratio should be 50-55% carbohydrate, 10-15% protein and 30% fat"
- Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diets Not Necessarily Cause Hypertriglyceridemia - Doctor's Guide, 5/31/01
- Little Impact With High-Fibre, Low-Fat Diet On Ovarian Hormone Levels - Doctor's Guide, 3/27/01
- Heart Association to warn against low-carb diets - CNN, 3/20/01
- Diabetics Improve Health With Very High-Fat, Low Carb Diet - Doctor's Guide, 6/15/99
- Clinically-Tested Dietary Supplement Helps Manage PMS - Doctor's Guide, 10/15/97
Abstracts:
-
Carbohydrate Ingestion during Endurance Exercise Improves Performance in
Adults - J Nutr. 2011 Mar 16 - "This study was a
systematic review with meta-analysis examining the efficacy of carbohydrate
(CHO) ingestion compared with placebo (PLA) on endurance exercise
performance in adults. Relevant databases were searched to January 2011 ...
time trial (TT) or exercise time to exhaustion (TTE) ... effect size (ES)
... The ES for submaximal exercise followed by TT was significant (ES =
0.53; 95% CI = 0.37-0.69; P < 0.001) as was the ES for TT (ES = 0.30; 95% CI
= 0.07-0.53; P = 0.011). The weighted mean improvement in exercise
performance favored CHO ingestion (7.5 and 2.0%, respectively). TTE (ES =
0.47; 95% CI = 0.32-0.62; P < 0.001) and submaximal exercise followed by TTE
(ES = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.08-0.80; P = 0.017) also showed significant effects,
with weighted mean improvements of 15.1 and 54.2%, respectively, with CHO
ingestion. Similar trends were evident for subanalyses of studies using only
male or trained participants, for exercise of 1-3 h duration, and where CHO
and PLA beverages were matched for electrolyte content. The data support
that ingestion of CHO between 30 and 80 g/h enhances endurance exercise
performance in adults"
-
Carbohydrate Nutrition Is Associated with the 5-Year Incidence of Chronic
Kidney Disease - J Nutr. 2011 Jan 12 -
"participants in the 4th quartile of mean dietary GI intake compared with
those in the first quartile (reference) had a 55% increased likelihood of
having eGFR < 60 mL⋅min(-1)⋅1.73 m(-2) [multivariable-adjusted OR = 1.55
(95% CI = 1.07-2.26); P-trend = 0.01]. After multivariable adjustment,
participants in the 4th quartile of dietary cereal fiber intake compared
with those in the first quartile (reference) had a 50% reduced risk of
incident moderate CKD (P-trend = 0.03). Higher baseline consumption of
energy-dense, nutrient-poor sources of carbohydrate (e.g. cookies) yielded a
3-fold higher risk of incident CKD (P-trend = 0.01). In summary, we observed
a novel link between high cereal fiber intake and reduced incidence of
moderate CKD and this was supported by the cross-sectional association with
dietary GI. Conversely, our data suggest that higher intake of energy-dense,
nutrient-poor sources of carbohydrate, potentially through acute
hyperglycemia, could impair renal function"
-
Carbohydrate quantity and quality and risk of type 2 diabetes in the
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands
(EPIC-NL) study - Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Aug 4 -
"glycemic load (GL), glycemic index (GI) ... During a mean follow-up of 10
y, 915 incident diabetes cases were documented. Dietary GL was associated
with an increased diabetes risk after adjustment for age, sex, established
diabetes risk factors, and dietary factors [hazard ratio (HR) per SD
increase: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.54; P lt 0.001]. GI tended to increase
diabetes risk (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.17; P equals 0.05). Dietary fiber
was inversely associated with diabetes risk (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.99; P
lt 0.05), whereas carbohydrate intake was associated with increased diabetes
risk (HR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.32; P lt 0.05). Of the carbohydrate
subtypes, only starch was related to increased diabetes risk [HR: 1.25
(1.07, 1.46), P lt 0.05]. All associations became slightly stronger after
exclusion of energy misreporters. CONCLUSIONS: Diets high in GL, GI, and
starch and low in fiber were associated with an increased diabetes risk.
Both carbohydrate quantity and quality seem to be important factors in
diabetes prevention. Energy misreporting contributed to a slight attenuation
of associations"
-
High-sugar diets increase cardiac dysfunction and mortality in hypertension
compared to low-carbohydrate or high-starch diets - J Hypertens. 2008
Jul;26(7):1402-1410 - "Diets high in sugar
accelerated cardiac systolic dysfunction and mortality in hypertension
compared to either a low-carbohydrate/high-fat or high-starch diet"
-
Consumption of sweetened beverages and intakes of fructose and glucose
predict type 2 diabetes occurrence - J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6):1447-54 -
"Combined intake of fructose and
glucose was associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes but no significant
association was observed for intakes of sucrose, lactose, or maltose. The
relative risk between the highest and lowest quartiles of combined fructose
and glucose intake was 1.87"
-
Effect of eucaloric high- and low-sucrose diets with identical macronutrient
profile on insulin resistance and vascular risk: a randomized controlled
trial - Diabetes. 2006 Dec;55(12):3566-72 -
"In this study, a high-sucrose
intake as part of an eucaloric, weight-maintaining diet had no detrimental
effect on insulin sensitivity, glycemic profiles, or measures of vascular
compliance in healthy nondiabetic subjects"
-
Coffee and sweetened beverage consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes
mellitus: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study - Am J Epidemiol.
2006 Dec 1;164(11):1075-84 - "They
found an inverse association, after adjusting for potential confounders,
between increased coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in
men (for > or =4 cups (> or =0.95 liter)/day compared with almost never:
hazard ratio = 0.77, p(trend) = 0.02) with no significant association in
women (hazard ratio = 0.89 ... Sweetened beverage consumption (men: hazard
ratio = 1.03, p(trend) = 0.94; women: hazard ratio = 1.01, p(trend) = 0.58)
showed no consistent association with the incidence of type 2 diabetes
mellitus"
-
Effect of high protein vs high carbohydrate intake on insulin
sensitivity, body weight, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus - J Am Diet Assoc.
2005 Apr;105(4):573-80 - "Both the high-carbohydrate and high-protein groups lost
weight (-2.2+/-0.9 kg, -2.5+/-1.6 kg, respectively, P <.05) and the
difference between the groups was not significant ( P =.9). In the
high-carbohydrate group, hemoglobin A1c decreased (from 8.2% to 6.9%, P
<.03), fasting plasma glucose decreased (from 8.8 to 7.2 mmol/L, P <.02),
and insulin sensitivity increased (from 12.8 to 17.2 mumol/kg/min, P <.03).
No significant changes in these parameters occurred in the high-protein
group, instead systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased (-10.5+/-2.3
mm Hg, P =.003 and -18+/-9.0 mm Hg, P <.05, respectively)"
-
Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type
2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women - JAMA.
2004 Aug 25;292(8):927-34 - "women
consuming 1 or more sugar-sweetened soft drinks per day had a relative risk
[RR] of type 2 diabetes of 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-2.36;
P<.001 for trend) compared with those who consumed less than 1 of these
beverages per month"
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