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Home > Health Conditions > Hypertension > Beta Blockers
Beta Blockers
Click here for why I feel
that Micardis® (telmisartan) should be the first
line treatment for hypertension.
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Alternative News:
News & Research:
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Beta-Blocker May Erase Fearful Memories - WebMD, 2/16/09
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Erectile
Dysfunction in Men With Congenital Heart Disease - Am J Cardiol. 2008 Dec
15;102(12):1728-1730 - "beta blockers ... Men on BB were
3.13 times more likely to report ED"
-
Heart
Rate-lowering Drug Improves Exercise Capacity In Patients With Stable Angina
- Science Daily, 11/4/08 - "adding ivabradine over and
above the standard of care achieves increases exercise tolerance"
-
2 Beta
Blockers Found To Also Protect Heart Tissue - Science Daily, 9/15/08
-
Impact
of beta-blockers on sleep in patients with mild hypertension: a randomized trial
between nebivolol and metoprolol - Adv Ther. 2008 Aug 28 -
"Nebivolol was associated with improved sleep (as
assessed by the PSQI), whereas metoprolol was associated with a worsening of
sleep characteristics"
-
Hypertension Treatment Effective In Reversing Vascular Damage, Study Suggests
- Science Daily, 6/17/08 - "A hypertension medication
called olmesartan medoxomil is effective in reversing the narrowing of the
arteries that occurs in patients with high blood pressure ... After one year of
treatment, olmesartan medoxomil improved the artery abnormalities in high blood
pressure patients and returned arterial architecture to normal levels. This was
not seen with the atenolol" - Note: Olmesartan is an
ARB, the same class of drugs as is telmisartan which
has been my recommendation. Atenolol
is a beta-blocker. I was prescribed atenolol once. It took me an
hour and forty minutes to complete a swim that usually took an hour and twenty
minutes. If that weren't bad enough, I felt like I was going to pass out
after the longer time swim.
-
Beta-Blockers for Hypertension, Heart Failure Prevention May Raise Stroke Risk
- Doctor's Guide, 11/7/07 - "The apparent
anti-hypertensive efficacy of beta-blockers was comparable to other agents, and
resulted in no incremental benefit for reduction in heart failure risk for the
overall cohort ... However, the increased stroke risk may be related to the
pseudoantihypertensive effect of traditional beta-blockers -- failure to lower
central aortic pressure when compared to other antihypertensives"
-
Blood
Pressure Drug Curbs Brain Damage From Alzheimer's, Depression And Schizophrenia
- Science Daily, 11/6/07 - "Prazosin, also prescribed as
an antipsychotic medication, appears to block the increase of steroid hormones
known as glucocorticoids ... Scientists believe stress activates a neurochemical
response in the brain that triggers the release of glucocorticoids in the brain,
and that high levels of glucocorticoids in blood serum are associated with such
psychiatric conditions as schizophrenia, depression, PTSD and Alzheimer's
disease"
-
Definition of Glucocorticoid - medterms.com -
"Cortisol is the major natural glucocorticoid"
-
A Meta-Analysis of 94,492 Patients With Hypertension Treated With Beta Blockers
to Determine the Risk of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus - Am J Cardiol. 2007
Oct 15;100(8):1254-1262 - "Beta-blocker therapy resulted
in a 22% increased risk for new-onset DM ... beta blockers resulted in a 15%
increased risk for stroke"
-
Doctors Urged to Curb Reliance on Beta Blockers - Intelihealth, 8/7/07 -
"The side effects are probably the worst ... While
beta-blockers reduce blood pressure, the other drugs do so more effectively and
with fewer complications"
-
Thiazide
and Beta-Blocker Use Linked With Increased Risk for Incident Diabetes -
Medscape, 5/8/07 - "the relative risk of
incident diabetes for those taking a thiazide diuretic compared with those not
taking a thiazide was 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 - 1.33) in older
women; 1.45 (95% CI, 1.17 - 1.79) in younger women; and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.17 -
1.58) in men ... the risk for incident diabetes was also increased in patients
taking beta-blockers relative to those who were not: 1.32 (95% CI, 1.20 - 1.46)
in older women and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.05 -1.38) in men. In younger women, a
category of "other antihypertensives" was used that included beta-blockers, and
their use was associated with an increased risk for 1.46"
-
Effect of losartan, compared with atenolol, on endothelial function and
oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension - J
Hypertens. 2007 Apr;25(4):785-791 -
"losartan significantly improved endothelial function in type 2 diabetes
patients with hypertension compared with atenolol. This must be independent of
the blood pressure-lowering effect of losartan and is probably caused by an antioxidative effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker"
-
Cochrane
on Beta Blockers - Medscape, 2/2/07 -
"The available evidence does not support
the use of beta blockers as first-line drugs in the treatment of hypertension"
-
Beta
Blockers Are Less Effective Than Other Drugs For First-line Treatment Of High
Blood Pressure - Science Daily, 1/24/07 -
"they were not as good at reducing death
or the severity of disease as other classes of drugs. Drugs that perform better
include thiazides, calcium channel blockers and renin angiotensin system
inhibitors ... The beta blocker given to 75% of these participants was atenolol"
-
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Added to Previous Antihypertensive Agents on
Arteries of Diabetic Hypertensive Patients - Hypertension. 2006 Jun 19 -
"After 1 year of treatment, resistance
artery media:lumen ratio decreased in the valsartan group (7.9+/-0.5% after
versus 9.8+/-0.6% before; P<0.05) but not in the atenolol-treated group"
-
New
advice on blood-pressure drug - BBC, 6/27/06 - "A class of drugs called
beta-blockers should no longer be given to patients with high blood pressure ...
using beta-blockers can also increase the risk of diabetes"
-
Thiazide and
Beta-Blocker Use Linked With Increased Risk for Incident Diabetes -
Medscape, 5/8/06 - "The
multivariate risk ratios of developing diabetes associated with taking
beta-blocker medications were 1.25 and 1.21 in the NHS I and HPFS, respectively"
-
Hypertension Drug May Restore Cardiovascular Function In African Americans -
Science Daily, 3/11/06
-
Hopkins
Study May Change Rules For Treating Heart Failure; Discovery Suggests That Some
Patients On Beta Blockers Should Not Be - Science Daily, 11/28/05 -
"During exercise, the heartbeat does not
increase as expected, which limits the capability of these patients to pump
blood to the body"
-
Beta-Blockers May Not Be Best for Blood Pressure - WebMD, 10/18/05
-
More
doubt on blood pressure drug - BBC News, 10/17/05 -
"the risk of stroke was 16% higher with
beta blockers than with other drugs ... When the team looked at atenolol
separately, the risk of stroke was 26% higher than for other drugs"
-
Strategies to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes - Medscape, 8/8/05 -
"Valsartan reduced the incidence of new-onset diabetes by 23%
... Traditional beta-blockers worsen insulin sensitivity and increase the risk
of developing new diabetes ... Some of the most widely used anti-hypertensives,
particularly the traditional beta blockers such as propranolol, timolol,
metoprolol and atenolol, and diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide and
chlorthalidone (in high doses), worsen insulin resistance and increase the risk
of developing type 2 diabetes"
- Beta blockers
and surgery not a good mix? - MSNBC, 7/27/05
-
New Study Reports Treatment with Toprol-XL (Metoprolol Succinate)
Extended-Release Tablets for Hypertensive Children - Doctor's Guide,
5/18/05
-
Blood Pressure
Linked to Erectile Dysfunction - WebMD, 5/16/05 -
"Men on older high blood pressure
medications (diuretics, beta-blockers) had higher rates and more severe
erectile dysfunction than men on newer medications (calcium antagonists, ACE
inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers)"
-
Three-Drug Combo May Best Protect Heart - HealthDay, 5/5/05 -
"The study of more than 13,000
patients diagnosed with ischemic heart disease between 1996 and 2003 ... the
combination of statins, aspirin and beta-blockers resulted in an 83 percent
reduction in deaths among these patients"
-
The Effects of Losartan Compared to Atenolol on Stroke - Medscape,
4/14/05 - "these data suggest that
losartan-based treatment reduces CV complications, primarily stroke, when
compared to atenolol-based treatment for patients with ISH and high CV risk"
-
Beta-blockers May Help Broader Group Of Patients With Heart Problems -
Science Daily, 3/17/05
- Study Faults Popular Hypertension Drug - HealthDay, 11/5/04
- Study: Tenormin Not Best Blood Pressure Drug - WebMD, 11/4/04
- Beta-Blocker Drugs Safely Treat Heart Failure - WebMD, 7/12/04
- Telmisartan Associated with Greater Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Regression Than Carvedilol - Doctor's Guide, 6/17/04 -
"The angiotensin II
receptor blocker telmisartan produces significantly greater left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) regression than does the beta blocker carvedilol
in hypertensive patients"
- Verapamil SR Has More Favorable Impact on Mood Than Atenolol in Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 5/25/04
- Doxazosin Treatment for Hypertension Associated with Increased Risk of Heart Failure in Diabetic Adults - Doctor's Guide, 4/12/04
- Losartan-Based Treatment Appears More Effective In Reducing Strokes In Hypertensives Than Atenolol-Based Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 4/1/04
- Carvedilol May Top Metoprolol for Preventing Major Vascular Events in Heart Failure Patients - Doctor's Guide, 3/11/04
- Use of alpha-Blockers for Hypertension Declined After Publication of Unfavorable Clinical Trial Results - Doctor's Guide, 1/6/04
- Knowledge About Beta-Blocker Side Effects May Lead To Erectile Dysfunction - Doctor's Guide, 11/18/03
- Beta Blockade Reduces Heart Rate the Most in Sickest Heart Failure Patients But Does Not Increase Overall Survival - Doctor's Guide, 11/10/03
- Losartan Improves Cognitive Function in Elderly Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 10/31/03 -
"Patients receiving
losartan showed significant improvement in both memory tests, while those receiving atenolol did not shown a difference with treatment. Losartan treatment was associated with a 2.2 point increase in word list memory score and a 2.1 point increase in the word list recall score ... Notably, a
greater number of adverse events were reported in patients given atenolol than in those given losartan (31 vs. 8 events)"
- Heart Failure Drugs May Target Both Beta-Adrenergic and Angiotensin II Receptors - Medscape, 9/8/03 -
"Beta-adrenergic receptors and angiotensin II
type 1 receptors join to form receptor complexes, allowing single antagonist drugs used to treat heart failure to have a dual effect ... It's like getting two drugs for the price of one ... Because angiotensin blockers are better tolerated, they could be given alone to patients too sick to take beta-blockers"
- Two Blood Pressure Drugs May Act as One - HealthDay, 9/8/03 -
"The drugs are beta blockers, which act on receptors that control the amount of blood delivered
to the body at times of stress, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which act on receptors that regulate growth of heart muscle ... There has been evidence that these two receptors act as a pair"
- Effect of losartan on sudden cardiac death in people with diabetes: data from the LIFE study - Lancet. 2003 Aug 23;362(9384):619-20 -
"In the losartan group, five (6%) of 86 patients with diabetes and atrial fibrillation during the trial died of sudden cardiac death compared with nine (2%) of 500 in those without atrial fibrillation. The respective figures for the
atenolol group were 14 (13%) of 105 and 16 (3%) of 504. Our results suggest losartan affords better protection against cardiac death from arrhythmias for patients with diabetes mellitus than does atenolol"
- Losartan Superior to Atenolol For Reducing Cardiac Death From Arrhythmias In Hypertensive Diabetics - Doctor's Guide, 8/21/03
- Losartan More Effective Than Atenolol in Preventing Morbidity and Mortality in Low-Risk Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 8/21/03 -
"Losartan appears to be more effective than atenolol in preventing cardiovascular morbidity and death - especially fatal and non-fatal stroke - in patients with hypertension but without clinically
evident vascular disease. Furthermore, the effect appears to be independent of blood pressure reduction ... In addition, incident diabetes occurred less often in patients treated with losartan"
- Losartan Causes Greater Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Compared to Atenolol - Doctor's Guide, 8/8/03
- Carvedilol Confers Significant Benefit In Survival Over Metoprolol in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 7/8/03
- Heart Failure Patients Live Longer on Carvedilol than on Metoprolol - Doctor's Guide, 7/4/03
- A Better Beta Blocker For Heart Failure - HeathDay, 7/3/03
- Patients Live Longer Taking Coreg Than Lopressor in First Head-to-Head Comparison - WebMD, 7/3/03
- Carvedilol Has Significant Mortality Benefit Over Metoprolol - Doctor's Guide, 6/23/03
- Beta-Blockers More Likely than Other Antihypertensives to Cause Orthostatic Hypotension in Elderly - Doctor's Guide, 5/27/03
- Periodic Limb Movements Increase with Isradipine, Decrease with Atenolol - Doctor's Guide, 5/21/03
- COMET Study Shows Carvedilol Saves Significantly More Lives than Metoprolol - Doctor's Guide, 5/12/03
- Bedtime Dosing Significantly Lowers Morning Blood Pressure In Hypertensives - Doctor's Guide, 4/9/03
- LIFE Sub-Study Finds Losartan Superior To Atenolol In Atrial Fibrillation - Doctor's Guide, 4/4/03
- No Differences Seen Between Calcium Channel Blocker and Beta Blocker in INVEST Trial - Doctor's Guide, 4/3/03
- Beta-Blockers Reduce Lipid Peroxidation, But Not Endothelial Damage, In Chronic Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 4/2/03
- Beta Blockers Reduce Mortality Among Myocardial Infarction Patients In Valiant Trial - Doctor's Guide, 3/31/03
- FDA Approves Coreg (Carvedilol) For Reducing Risk of Death Among Heart Attack Patients With Impaired Cardiac Function - Doctor's Guide, 3/28/03
- FDA Approves Once-A-Day InnoPran XL(Propranolol) For Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 3/13/03
- Long-Term Beta-Blockade Improves Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Prognosis in Chronic Heart Failure Patients - Doctor's Guide, 3/5/03
- Statins/Beta Blockers Impact On Certain C-Reactive Protein Levels - Doctor's Guide, 1/29/03 -
"Some 93% of the 89 patients who did not use
beta-blockers and were in the highest
CRP category and had exercise-induced
ischaemia, compared with 42% among patients in the lower four categories. Similarly, 94% of the 67 patients who did not use
statins and were in the highest CRP category had exercise-induced ischaemia, compared with 44% in the lower four categories"
- Blood Pressure Control -- Timing Matters - WebMD, 1/24/03 -
"Researchers found that the diuretic and
calcium-channel blocker were effective around the clock. The beta-blocker was the least effective of the four drugs overall and it had no effect on blood pressure during the night or in the early morning hours. ACE inhibitors actually
worked best while the study participants were sleeping, but had little effect on blood pressure during the day"
- Elderly Heart-failure Patients Benefit from Beta-blocker Treatment - Doctor's Guide, 1/24/03
-
Asthmatics With Congestive Heart Failure Do Not Tolerate Carvedilol - Doctor's Guide, 1/13/03
-
FDA Advisory Committee Recommends Use Of Coreg (Carvedilol) For Heart Attack Patients With Impaired Cardiac Function - Doctor's Guide, 1/8/03
- BP Drug Cozaar Also Prevents Stroke - WebMD, 1/7/03 - "Cozaar reduced the risk of stroke by
about 25% compared with atenolol"
- Carvedilol Reduces Inappropriate Increase in Ventilation During Exercise in Heart Failure Patients - Doctor's Guide, 1/2/03
- Elderly Risk Airways Obstruction From Beta Blockers For Glaucoma - Doctor's Guide, 12/13/02
-
Differing Effects Of Antihypertensive Drugs On Arterial Pulse Wave And Natriuretic Peptide Secretion - Doctor's Guide, 12/3/02 -
"The greatest
drop in blood pressure occurred with bisoprolol. Paradoxically, bisoprolol also increased augmentation index with a related
three-fold increase in plasma brain natriuretic peptide"
- Carvedilol Decreases Oxidative Stress and Lowers Serum C-reactive Protein in Patients With Essential Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 10/1/02
- Chronic Therapy with Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers Improves Endothelial Function in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 9/30/02 -
"Plasma norepinephrine levels decreased from 591 pg/mL before treatment to 426 pg/mL after six months of beta-blockade"
- Losartan Superior in Isolated Systolic Hypertension with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy - Doctor's Guide, 9/25/02
- Losartan Better Than Atenolol at Reducing Cardiovascular Risk - Medscape, 9/25/02
-
Differential Effects of Beta-Blocker Therapy on Ventilatory Efficiency and Exercise Capacity in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 9/24/02
- Variation in Use of Beta Blockers Among Specialists, Primary Care Physicians Cited - Doctor's Guide, 9/24/02
- Mechanistic Differences Between Carvedilol and Metoprolol Cited - Doctor's Guide, 9/24/02
- LIFE Substudy Shows Losartan Superior to Atenolol at Reducing Stroke Risk - Doctor's Guide, 9/16/02
- Beta Blockers May Attenuate Mortality in Black Patients Taking Certain Calcium Channel Blockers - Doctor's Guide, 9/13/02
- Losartan Superior To Atenolol In Reducing Left Ventricular Hypertrophy In Hypertensives - Doctor's Guide, 9/4/02
-
Patient Compliance with Antihypertensive Therapy Appears Longer
for Those Taking Angiotensin II Antagonists - Doctor's
Guide, 7/18/02 - "The researchers found that the
class of drug had a statistically significant effect on the patients'
persistence of compliance. Angiotensin II antagonists had the highest rate
of persistence followed by ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers,
beta-blockers, and diuretics"
- Beta-Blockers Not Associated With Depression, Fatigue, Sexual Dysfunction - Doctor's Guide, 7/17/02
- Cozaar (Losartan) Lowered Risk Of Total Mortality In Patients With Diabetes By 39% Versus Atenolol - Doctor's Guide, 6/27/02 -
"treatment with
losartan resulted in a 24 per cent reduction in the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, stroke and heart attack compared to the beta-blocker atenolol (p=0.03). Blood pressure and
pulse pressure reductions were similar with both therapies. In addition, losartan significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular death by 37 per cent (p=0.03) and total mortality by 39 per cent ... A 39 per cent reduction in total mortality with losartan is an important observation given that the observed
reduction is versus an established antihypertensive, atenolol ... It is widely accepted that elevated systolic blood pressure is an even stronger risk factor for cardiovascular events than diastolic blood pressure"
- Irbesartan More Effective than Atenolol in Reducing Cardiac Electrical Instability - Doctor's Guide, 5/20/02
- ß-Blockers Can Benefit Elderly People with Mild Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 4/15/02
- Diabetic Hypertensives Benefit More From Losartan Than Atenolol - Doctor's Guide, 3/22/02
- Beta Blockers Lower Risk, Save Money in Surgeries - Doctor's Guide, 3/21/02
- LIFE Study Finds Losartan More Effective than Atenolol in Hypertensive Patients - Doctor's Guide, 3/20/02
- Coreg (Carvedilol) Has Beneficial Effect In Women with Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 3/19/02
- Carvedilol Exhibits Beneficial Effects On Heart Failure Patients With Or Without Digitalis - Doctor's Guide, 3/19/02
- Chronic Heart Failure Patients Respond Differently To Beta Blockers Carvedilol And Metoprolol - Doctor's Guide, 3/19/02
- Heart Failure Drugs as Good for Women as for Men - WebMD, 3/12/02
- In Heart Failure, Beta-Blockers Boost Survival Advantage For Women - Doctor's Guide, 3/11/02
- Beta-Blockade Adds Value For Hypercholesterolemics On Statins - Doctor's Guide, 2/15/02
- Aspirin Plus Beta-Blocker Reduce Risk of Post-Myocardial Infarction Deaths in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease - Doctor's Guide, 11/12/01
- Beta-blocker, Carvedilol, Shows Efficacy In African Americans - Doctor's Guide, 7/9/01
- Beta Blockers Don't Alter QT Parameters in Children With Long QT Syndrome - Doctor's Guide, 6/1/01
- Better Compliance Found With Once Daily Irbesartan Over Atenolol in Treatment of Pediatric Severe Hypertension - Doctor's Guide, 5/30/01
- Even the Sickest Patients Benefit From Beta-Blockers - WebMD, 5/30/01 - "an old-line blood pressure drug can cut death rates by 35% in patients with very severe congestive heart failure"
- Opinion: The Time Has Come to Emphasize Beta-Blockers for Heart Failure, In Many Patients, They Can Actually Help Heal the Heart - WebMD, 5/30/01 -
"probably the most surprising and most useful
advance for heart failure in the past several years is a pill that has been around for decades -- the beta-blocker"
- Help for Failing Hearts, Despite Its Name, Heart Failure Is Treatable - WebMD, 5/17/01 -
"This drug cocktail includes Digoxin to increase the heart's pumping action; diuretics, or water
pills, to help the body eliminate excess salt and water; ACE inhibitors to expand blood vessels, allow blood to flow more easily, and make the heart work more efficiently; and beta-blockers to improve the function of the heart's left ventricle. Beta-blockers also block a natural stress hormone capable of damaging
the heart. Blocking this hormone gives the heart a chance to recover and helps prevent continued injury ... Though 80% of people with heart failure should be taking beta-blockers, Packer says that only 15-20% are currently taking them"
- African-Americans With Heart Failure Derive Equal Benefit From Beta-Blockers As Do Caucasians - Doctor's Guide, 4/30/01
- Blood Pressure Drug May Ease Severe Cocaine Withdrawal, Can Serve as a Bridge From Addiction to Sobriety - WebMD, 4/12/01 -
"the drug, known as Inderal, seems to work best in those patients
experiencing very severe withdrawal symptoms"
- Beta-Blocker Metoprolol Slows Wall Thickening Of Carotid Artery In Healthy People - Doctor's Guide, 4/3/01
- Beta-Blockers Showing Usefulness in Preventing Disease - WebMD, 4/2/01 -
"now appears to slow artery clogging atherosclerosis as well, and thus may be useful to prevent strokes and heart disease
altogether ... Metoprolol slowed the progression of atherosclerosis by about 40%. The participants taking metoprolol also tended to have fewer strokes and heart attacks during this time ... the group taking fluvastatin had a 75% reduction in progression of carotid artery wall thickening. As fluvastatin and
metoprolol seemed to work at different sites along the carotid artery, they might be used together for greater effect to prevent heart disease and strokes"
- Common blood pressure drug increases the risk of diabetes - CNN, 3/29/00 -
"A drug [beta-blockers] commonly used to treat high blood pressure increases the risk of developing
diabetes by 28 percent"
- Carvedilol Reduces Risk Of Recurrent Heart Attack - Doctor's Guide, 3/21/01
- Are Putters Using Blood Pressure Drugs to Shoot Better? - WebMD, 2/23/01 -
"beta-blockers may be giving some golfers an unfair advantage by calming their nerves as they get set to swing.
Beta-blockers reduce the heart rate and the heart's output of blood. These drugs also may reduce the anxiety"
- FDA Approves Extended-Release Toprol-XL (Metoprolol Succinate) For Treatment Of Heart Failure - Doctor's Guide, 2/7/01
- Carvedilol Reduces But Valsartan May Increase Sexual Activity In Hypertensive Men - Doctor's Guide, 2/1/01 -
"carvedilol induces a chronic reduction of sexual
activity whereas valsartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, not only does not significantly reduce sexual activity but may even increase it."
- Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Beta Blockers May Postpone Kidney Failure - Doctor's Guide, 10/13/00
- Common blood pressure drug increases the risk of diabetes - CNN, 3/29/00 -
"A drug [beta-blockers] commonly used to treat high blood pressure increases the risk of developing
diabetes by 28 percent"
- Blood Pressure Drug [Toprol XL] Saves Lives for Heart Failure Patients, It Also Brings Shorter Hospital Stays and Better Quality of Life - WebMD, 3/7/00
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